APPENDIX II 205 



belt. Wading-boots are liable to chafe the heels after several days' walking 

 over heavy country, even when secured round the ankles with straps. Leggings, 

 as described, are not waterproof when crossing a stream two or three feet 

 deep ! but when they are well strapped down over the boots, it is astonishing 

 how marshes can be crossed without the wearer getting wet. One can always 

 kneel in safety to examine flowers, nests, &c. With the macintosh cape they 

 form a complete protection from the heaviest rain, and are far easier to walk 

 in than a long macintosh. Lastly, their colour is good. 



Screw boot stretchers most necessary, and much better than lasts. Boots 

 are never dry in the north, and are easier to the feet when wet ; still they 

 must be stretched into shape, or they wrinkle, &c., until they become unbear- 

 able. The following receipt for making boots waterproof and soft is good, and 

 is used by the Norwegian fishermen. Melt the composition and warm the 

 boots before applying : — 2 parts Stockholm tar ; 2 parts cod liver oil ; i part 

 mutton fat. 



Mosquito nets, as illustrated by Seebohm in "Siberia in Europe," p. 225. 

 These are indispensable in many parts of the north ; still I ought to say I have 

 taken them four times, and never worn them until 1903. On the coast 

 mosquitoes are only seriously troublesome in hot weather during July and 

 August ; and the traveller rarely finds them at their worst in this locality, as 

 there is so often a cool wind from the sea to check their ardour. Oil of 

 lavender gives temporary relief from mosquitoes, but kreolin is the best thing 

 I have tried. It is a preparation from tar, and as nine parts of water must be 

 mixed with one of kreolin before using it, only a small bottle of kreolin is 

 required. It also has the great advantage of allaying the irritation caused by 

 mosquito bites. 



This list does not include clothes, &c., for the voyage out and home. 



CAMPING. 



Tent or Tents. — Having our steamer as a base, and not wishing to travel 

 far inland, the weight of the tent was not a matter of serious consideration. 

 My last pattern is one 9 ft. long x 7 ft. high in centre x 13 ft. outside and 8 ft. 

 wide inside, supported by a ridge pole resting on upright poles at either end. 

 The covering is of strong white duck-cloth lined with blue serge, the latter 

 being added both for warmth and to produce darkness. In the continuous day 

 of the northern summer it is a great comfort to be able to shut out most of the 

 light when wanting to sleep. I have noticed also it has a marked effect on the 



