FOREST MANAGEMENT. 325 



better than the financial outlook of investments in second growth where- 

 soever the restriction and the control of fires is difficult. 



The chief working plan describes the existing and the proposed means 

 of protection from forest fires, detailing the outlay to be incurred on that 

 score. 



Continuous emplovment of workmen in all parts of the forest, year in 

 and year out, together with ready access to all parts of the forest, are the 

 surest means of fire protection. 



Forest Utilisation 



For manv a year to come, the major part of the work to be planned 

 and to be done by the American forester must consist in the utilization of 

 the forest (lumbering). The forester is essentially a lumberman. 



The working plan considers the most advisable way of transforming 

 into money the various raw products of the forest. It discusses the finan- 

 cial effect of the various methods of logging (animal power versus steam 

 power), of the various mills (portable, circular, band, etc.). 



The degree in which the owner (through the forester) attends to the 

 removal and to the refinement of his timber products is controlled by local 

 as well as by personal conditions. The owner might offer for sale stumpage, 

 or logs varded, or rough lumber, or refined lumber. 



As long as there are more owners of timber land than manufacturers 

 of lumber, the stumpage market is a buyer's market; and the owner of 

 forests does well to engage in manufacturing enterprises. 



Of the utmost importance is a careful study of the means of trans- 

 portation (water, rail, flumes, etc.). The forester should never forget 

 that lumbering — and consequently forestry — is essentially a problem of 

 transportation. 



The expense to be incurred for permanent and for temporary means 

 of transportation requires careful discussion. In conservative forestry, the 

 main arteries of transportation, necessarily, have a permanent character. 

 The combination of the means of transportation to be adopted (railroads, 

 narrow or standard; cables; watercourses; flumes; wagon-roads) depends 

 on local circumstances. Public roads and railroads, advisable alterations, 



