N. 0. 0LEA0E.E. 769 



741. F. excelsior, Linn, h.f.b.l, III. 606. 



Vern. : — Sum ; Krirn (Pb.). 



Habitat : — Temperate West Himalaya and Western Tibet, 

 Kashmir hills. 



A large . tree, thick grey bark. Wood white, moderately 

 hard. Leaves opposite, unequally pinnate. Leaflets 2-5 pair, 

 all sessile or nearly so; 4 by If in., elliptic, acuminate, serrate, 

 midrib beneath glabrous or minutely pubescent. Flowers 

 in short racemes, fascicled near tips of the branches, appearing 

 before the leaves. Male and hermaphrodite alike without 

 perianth. Calyx in all flowers obsolete. Filaments very short. 

 Racemes in fruit l-6in., pendulous, pedicels |in. Samaras 

 If by J-iin., narrowed gradually to both the obtuse ends. 



Uses : — A small quantity of saccharine matter exudes on 

 incision from its bark. This only constitutes, however, a very 

 small part of the Manna of European commerce, and does not 

 appear to be used in India at all. 



The bark is bitter and astringent, and was at one time, 

 though very undeservedly, called European cinchona. 



The leaves are purgative (Watt). 



Transverse incision from the stems of this and other species 

 of Frakinus, yields a concrete saccharine exudation, called 

 Manna. Manna is a mild laxative, useful for children and 

 delicate females, given in hot milk or in combination with other 

 purgatives. 



742. Olea euspidata, Wall, h.f.b.l, hi. 611. 



Vern. :— Khwan ; Shwan (Trans-Indus) ; Zaitiin (Afg.) ; Ko 

 Kohu; Kao; Kan (Pb.) ; Kan (H.) ; Khan (Sind.) ; Khwan; 

 Shwan (Baluch.). 



Habitat: — Fairly common, N.-W. Himalaya. Dehra, Jaunsur, 

 Cabul, Baluchistan, south Suleman Range. 



A moderate-sized, deciduous tree, 30ft., glabrous, not spinous. 



Bark grey, thin, smooth, when young, when old exfoliating in long 



narrow strips. Wood very hard, smooth, close and even-grained ; 



sapwood whitish ; heartwood large, regularly shaped, from light- 

 97 



