﻿4 
  W. 
  Upham 
  — 
  Champlain 
  Subsidence 
  and 
  

  

  Cleveland. 
  Northeast 
  and 
  north 
  from 
  the 
  old 
  outlet 
  the 
  

   Leipsic 
  beach 
  reaches 
  about 
  165 
  miles, 
  past 
  Adrian 
  and 
  Ypsi- 
  

   lanti 
  to 
  Imlay, 
  Mich., 
  being 
  nearly 
  level 
  to 
  Ypsilanti, 
  but 
  

   thence 
  in 
  the 
  60 
  miles 
  onward 
  to 
  Imlay 
  having 
  a 
  rise 
  of 
  about 
  

   65 
  feet, 
  to 
  an 
  altitude 
  849 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea. 
  "With 
  the 
  reces- 
  

   sion 
  of 
  the 
  ice-sheet 
  and 
  the 
  extension 
  of 
  this 
  lake 
  to 
  Imlay, 
  a 
  

   lower 
  outlet 
  was 
  opened 
  over 
  the 
  watershed 
  between 
  the 
  

   Shiawassee 
  and 
  Grand 
  rivers 
  in 
  Michigan, 
  729 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  

   sea 
  or 
  148 
  feet 
  above 
  Lakes 
  Huron 
  and 
  Michigan, 
  where 
  the 
  

   Western 
  Erie 
  glacial 
  lake 
  became 
  confluent 
  with 
  Lake 
  Warren 
  

   and 
  was 
  thus 
  reduced 
  about 
  30 
  feet, 
  falling 
  from 
  the 
  Leipsic 
  

   or 
  lower 
  Western 
  Erie 
  beach 
  to 
  the 
  Belmore 
  or 
  earliest 
  beach 
  

   of 
  Lake 
  Warren 
  in 
  the 
  Erie 
  basin. 
  

  

  Upon 
  a 
  large 
  area, 
  extending 
  from 
  Ft. 
  Wayne 
  east 
  to 
  Cleve 
  

   land 
  and 
  northward 
  to 
  Ypsilanti 
  and 
  Detroit, 
  the 
  attitude 
  or 
  

   general 
  slopes 
  and 
  levels 
  of 
  the 
  land 
  have 
  remained 
  unchanged 
  

   since 
  the 
  departure 
  of 
  the 
  ice-sheet, 
  for 
  these 
  earliest 
  beaches 
  

   and 
  the 
  lower 
  beaches 
  of 
  Lake 
  Warren 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  area 
  are 
  

   still 
  nearly 
  horizontal. 
  The 
  whole 
  country 
  there, 
  however, 
  

   has 
  been 
  uplifted, 
  without 
  tilting, 
  about 
  110 
  feet, 
  after 
  the 
  end 
  

   of 
  the 
  separate 
  existence 
  of 
  the 
  Western 
  Erie 
  lake, 
  for 
  this 
  is 
  

   the 
  height 
  of 
  the 
  Belmore 
  beach 
  around 
  the 
  west 
  end 
  of 
  Lake 
  

   Erie 
  above 
  the 
  highest 
  and 
  earliest 
  beach 
  of 
  Lake 
  Warren 
  at 
  

   Chicago. 
  A 
  greater 
  and 
  differential 
  uplift, 
  with 
  rapid 
  tilting 
  

   of 
  northward 
  ascent, 
  was 
  taking 
  place 
  north 
  and 
  northeast 
  of 
  

   Detroit 
  during 
  the 
  Belmore 
  and 
  lower 
  stages 
  of 
  Lake 
  Warren, 
  

   simultaneous 
  with 
  the 
  uniform 
  elevation 
  of 
  the 
  Western 
  Erie 
  

   glacial 
  lake 
  area. 
  Further 
  we 
  learn 
  that 
  about 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  up- 
  

   lift 
  of 
  110 
  feet 
  for 
  this 
  region 
  had 
  occurred 
  before 
  the 
  begin- 
  

   ning 
  of 
  Lake 
  Algonquin 
  and 
  the 
  date 
  of 
  the 
  Algonquin 
  beach, 
  

   since 
  that 
  beach 
  has 
  a 
  height 
  of 
  602 
  feet 
  near 
  the 
  south 
  end 
  of 
  

   Lake 
  Huron, 
  being 
  60 
  feet 
  higher 
  than 
  the 
  correlative 
  subla- 
  

   custrine 
  terrace 
  plane 
  beneath 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  Lake 
  Michigan 
  

   near 
  Chicago, 
  which 
  marks 
  the 
  old 
  Algonquin 
  shore 
  there. 
  

  

  Lake 
  Warren* 
  — 
  Like 
  the 
  Western 
  Superior 
  and 
  Western 
  

  

  * 
  J. 
  W. 
  Spencer, 
  Science, 
  vol. 
  xi. 
  p. 
  49, 
  Jan. 
  27, 
  1888 
  (proposing 
  this 
  name 
  in 
  

   honor 
  of 
  Gen. 
  G. 
  K. 
  Warren); 
  Proc. 
  A. 
  A. 
  A. 
  S., 
  vol. 
  xxxvii, 
  for 
  1888, 
  pp. 
  197- 
  

   199 
  ; 
  Trans. 
  Roy. 
  Soc. 
  of 
  Canada, 
  vol. 
  vii, 
  for 
  1889, 
  sec. 
  iv, 
  p. 
  122 
  ; 
  this 
  Journal, 
  

   III, 
  vol. 
  xli, 
  pp. 
  201-211, 
  with 
  map, 
  March, 
  1891; 
  Bulletin, 
  Geol. 
  Soc. 
  Am., 
  

   vol. 
  ii, 
  pp. 
  465-476, 
  with 
  map, 
  April, 
  1891 
  ; 
  " 
  A 
  Review 
  of 
  the 
  History 
  of 
  

   the 
  Great 
  Lakes," 
  Am. 
  Geologist, 
  vol. 
  xiv, 
  pp. 
  289-301, 
  Nov., 
  1894 
  (containing 
  

   citations 
  of 
  many 
  additional 
  papers 
  by 
  Prof. 
  Spencer 
  and 
  others). 
  G. 
  K. 
  Gilbert, 
  

   " 
  Changes 
  of 
  Level 
  of 
  the 
  Great 
  Lakes," 
  in 
  The 
  Forum, 
  vol. 
  v, 
  pp. 
  417-428, 
  

   June, 
  1888; 
  "History 
  of 
  the 
  Niagara 
  River," 
  in 
  Sixth 
  Annual 
  Report 
  of 
  the 
  

   Commissioners 
  of 
  the 
  State 
  Reservation 
  at 
  Niagara, 
  for 
  1889, 
  pp. 
  61-84, 
  with 
  

   eight 
  plates 
  (also 
  in 
  the 
  Smithsonian 
  An. 
  Rep. 
  for 
  1890, 
  pp. 
  231-257); 
  Geology 
  

   of 
  Ohio, 
  vols, 
  i 
  and 
  ii. 
  Frank 
  Leverett, 
  paper 
  before 
  cited 
  ; 
  " 
  Raised 
  Beaches 
  

   of 
  Lake 
  Michigan," 
  Trans. 
  Wisconsin 
  Academy 
  of 
  Sciences, 
  Arts, 
  and 
  Letters, 
  

   vol. 
  vii, 
  pp. 
  177-192 
  (read 
  Dec. 
  30, 
  1887). 
  A. 
  C. 
  Lawson, 
  " 
  Sketch 
  of 
  the 
  Coastal 
  

   Topography 
  of 
  the 
  North 
  Side 
  of 
  Lake 
  Superior, 
  with 
  Special 
  Reference 
  to 
  the 
  

  

  