﻿Beelevation 
  of 
  the 
  St. 
  Lawrence 
  river 
  basin. 
  7 
  

  

  miles 
  onward, 
  across 
  Lake 
  Superior 
  to 
  Kaministiquia, 
  where 
  

   the 
  shore 
  is 
  455 
  feet 
  above 
  that 
  lake, 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  northward 
  

   ascent 
  is 
  reduced 
  to 
  only 
  a 
  half 
  of 
  a 
  foot 
  per 
  mile. 
  

  

  Along 
  a 
  west 
  to 
  east 
  course, 
  the 
  Nelson 
  beach 
  (named 
  by 
  

   Taylor 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  North 
  Bay, 
  Lake 
  Ni 
  pissing, 
  probably 
  

   not 
  distinct 
  from 
  the 
  Bel 
  more 
  beach 
  in 
  Ohio 
  and 
  northward 
  to 
  

   Mackinac 
  island) 
  is 
  385 
  feet 
  above 
  Lake 
  Superior 
  at 
  Duluth 
  ; 
  

   410 
  feet 
  at 
  Houghton, 
  having 
  an 
  eastward 
  ascent 
  of 
  25 
  feet 
  in 
  

   150 
  miles; 
  414 
  feet 
  at 
  the 
  Sault 
  Ste. 
  Marie, 
  running 
  level 
  for 
  

   200 
  miles 
  east 
  from 
  Houghton 
  ; 
  and 
  about 
  538 
  feet 
  at 
  the 
  

   north 
  side 
  of 
  Lake 
  JSh'pissing, 
  or 
  497 
  feet 
  above 
  that 
  lake, 
  and 
  

   1,140 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea. 
  In 
  the 
  distance 
  of 
  220 
  miles 
  from 
  

   Sault 
  Ste. 
  Marie 
  to 
  Lake 
  Nipissing 
  this 
  beach 
  now 
  shows 
  an 
  

   ascent 
  of 
  126 
  feet, 
  or 
  about 
  seven 
  inches 
  per 
  mile. 
  These 
  

   figures, 
  with 
  the 
  preceding 
  from 
  Houghton 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  side 
  

   of 
  Lake 
  Superior, 
  justify 
  to 
  a 
  remarkable 
  degree 
  Dr. 
  Lawson's 
  

   opinion 
  that 
  the 
  ancient 
  shore 
  lines 
  of 
  Lake 
  "Warren 
  in 
  the 
  

   Superior 
  basin 
  remain 
  parallel 
  with* 
  the 
  water 
  level 
  of 
  to-day. 
  

   A.s 
  compared 
  with 
  Chicago, 
  the 
  country 
  enclosing 
  Lake 
  Su- 
  

   perior 
  has 
  been 
  uplifted 
  400 
  to 
  450 
  feet 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  greater 
  part 
  

   of 
  the 
  differential 
  elevation, 
  expressed 
  by 
  tilting, 
  took 
  place 
  

   upon 
  the 
  west 
  to 
  east 
  belt 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  peninsula 
  of 
  Mich- 
  

   igan. 
  

  

  Three 
  beaches 
  of 
  Lake 
  Warren 
  are 
  mapped 
  by 
  Spencer 
  and 
  

   named 
  the 
  Ridge 
  way, 
  Arkona, 
  and 
  Forest 
  beaches 
  in 
  Ohio, 
  

   northwestern 
  Michigan, 
  and 
  the 
  province 
  of 
  Ontario 
  north 
  of 
  

   Lake 
  Erie. 
  These 
  probably 
  represent 
  the 
  three 
  noted 
  at 
  

   Chicago 
  and 
  about 
  the 
  south 
  part 
  of 
  Lake 
  Michigan. 
  Farther 
  

   north 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  distinct 
  shore 
  lines 
  is 
  much 
  increased. 
  

   In 
  and 
  near 
  Duluth 
  I 
  find 
  eight 
  beaches 
  referable 
  to 
  Lake 
  

   Warren, 
  the 
  lowest 
  being 
  50 
  feet 
  above 
  Lake 
  Superior. 
  On 
  

   northern 
  portions 
  of 
  the 
  Lake 
  Superior 
  coast 
  several 
  of 
  these 
  

   seem, 
  as 
  shown 
  by 
  Lawson's 
  observations 
  with 
  leveling, 
  to 
  be 
  

   each 
  represented 
  by 
  two 
  or 
  more 
  shores, 
  separated 
  by 
  vertical 
  

   intervals 
  of 
  10 
  feet 
  or 
  more. 
  Most 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  beaches, 
  

   it 
  should 
  be 
  remarked, 
  are 
  very 
  feebly 
  developed, 
  even 
  in 
  the 
  

   most 
  favorable 
  situations 
  for 
  their 
  formation, 
  and 
  are 
  not 
  dis- 
  

   cernible 
  along 
  the 
  far 
  greater 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  lake 
  borders. 
  Dur- 
  

   ing 
  all 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  differential 
  uplifting 
  of 
  the 
  Lake 
  Warren 
  

   basin 
  and 
  sinking 
  of 
  the 
  water 
  surface, 
  whenever 
  the 
  dimin- 
  

   ishing 
  lacustrine 
  area 
  was 
  nearly 
  unchanged 
  for 
  a 
  few 
  years 
  or 
  

   longer, 
  the 
  erosion 
  and 
  deposition 
  effected 
  by 
  the 
  great 
  waves 
  

   of 
  storms, 
  and 
  the 
  tribute 
  of 
  streams 
  forming 
  deltas, 
  recorded 
  

   these 
  shore 
  lines. 
  * 
  

  

  * 
  Prof. 
  Spencer, 
  in 
  his 
  latest 
  paper 
  ("A 
  Review 
  of 
  the 
  History 
  of 
  the 
  Great 
  

   Lakes," 
  Am. 
  Geologist, 
  vol. 
  xiv, 
  pp. 
  298. 
  301, 
  Nov., 
  1894), 
  supposes 
  that 
  an 
  out- 
  

   flow 
  from 
  Lakes 
  Superior, 
  Huron, 
  Michigan, 
  and 
  PJrie, 
  passed 
  by 
  the 
  way 
  of 
  

  

  