﻿0. 
  C. 
  Marsh 
  — 
  Pithecanthropus 
  erectus 
  from 
  Java. 
  145 
  

  

  found 
  at 
  different 
  times, 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  horizon, 
  and 
  all 
  imbedded 
  

   in 
  the 
  same 
  volcanic 
  tufa. 
  The 
  tooth 
  was 
  found 
  first, 
  in 
  

   September, 
  1891, 
  in 
  the 
  left 
  bank 
  of 
  the 
  river 
  Bengawan, 
  

   about 
  a 
  meter 
  below 
  the 
  water 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  river 
  during 
  the 
  

   dry 
  season, 
  and 
  twelve 
  or 
  fifteen 
  meters 
  below 
  the 
  plain 
  in 
  

   which 
  the 
  river 
  had 
  cut 
  its 
  bed. 
  A 
  month 
  later, 
  the 
  skull 
  was 
  

   discovered, 
  only 
  a 
  meter 
  distant 
  from 
  the 
  place 
  where 
  the 
  tooth 
  

   lay, 
  and 
  both 
  apparently 
  pertained 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  individual. 
  In 
  

   August, 
  1892, 
  the 
  left 
  femur 
  also 
  was 
  found, 
  about 
  fifteen 
  

   meters 
  distant 
  from 
  the 
  locality 
  where 
  the 
  other 
  specimens 
  

   were 
  imbedded. 
  Subsequent 
  researches 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity, 
  for 
  

   additional 
  remains, 
  were 
  unsuccessful. 
  

  

  The 
  fossils 
  thus 
  secured 
  have 
  been 
  carefully 
  investigated 
  by 
  

   Dr. 
  Dubois, 
  who 
  regards 
  them 
  as 
  representing 
  a 
  distinct 
  species 
  

   and 
  genus,* 
  and 
  also 
  a 
  new 
  family, 
  which 
  he 
  names 
  the 
  

   Pithecanthropidce, 
  and 
  distinguishes 
  mainly 
  by 
  the 
  following 
  

   characters 
  : 
  

  

  Brain 
  cavity 
  absolutely 
  larger, 
  and, 
  in 
  proportion 
  to 
  the 
  size 
  

   of 
  the 
  body, 
  much 
  more 
  capacious 
  than 
  in 
  the 
  Simiidce, 
  yet 
  

   less 
  so 
  than 
  in 
  the 
  Hominidce. 
  Capacity 
  of 
  the 
  skull 
  about 
  

   two-thirds 
  the 
  average 
  of 
  that 
  of 
  man. 
  Inclination 
  of 
  the 
  

   nuchal 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  occiput 
  considerably 
  greater 
  than 
  in 
  the 
  

   Simiidce. 
  Dentition, 
  although 
  somewhat 
  specialized, 
  still 
  of 
  

   the 
  simian 
  type. 
  Femur 
  equal 
  in 
  its 
  dimensions 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  

   man, 
  and 
  like 
  that 
  adapted 
  for 
  walking 
  in 
  an 
  upright 
  position. 
  

  

  Of 
  this 
  skull, 
  the 
  upper 
  portion 
  alone 
  is 
  preserved, 
  the 
  line 
  

   of 
  fracture 
  extending 
  from 
  the 
  glabella 
  backward 
  irregularly 
  

   to 
  the 
  occiput, 
  which 
  it 
  divides 
  somewhat 
  below 
  the 
  upper 
  

   nuchal 
  line. 
  The 
  crauium 
  seen 
  from 
  above 
  is 
  an 
  elongated 
  

   oval 
  in 
  outline, 
  dolichocephalic 
  ; 
  and 
  is 
  distinguished 
  from 
  that 
  

   of 
  other 
  anthropoid 
  apes 
  by 
  its 
  large 
  size 
  and 
  its 
  higher 
  

   arching 
  in 
  the 
  coronal 
  region, 
  as 
  shown 
  below 
  in 
  figure 
  2. 
  The 
  

   greatest 
  length 
  from 
  the 
  glabella 
  to 
  the 
  posterior 
  projection 
  of 
  

   the 
  occiput 
  is 
  185 
  mm 
  . 
  The 
  greatest 
  breadth 
  is 
  130 
  mm 
  , 
  and 
  the 
  

   smallest, 
  behind 
  the 
  orbits, 
  is 
  90 
  mm 
  . 
  The 
  cranium 
  in 
  its 
  

   original 
  condition 
  must 
  have 
  been 
  of 
  somewhat 
  larger 
  dimen- 
  

   sions. 
  The 
  upper 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  skull 
  is 
  smooth, 
  and 
  the 
  

   sutures 
  all 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  obliterated. 
  

  

  This 
  dolichocephalic 
  skull, 
  with 
  an 
  index 
  of 
  70°, 
  is 
  readily 
  

   distinguished 
  from 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Orang-utan, 
  which 
  is 
  decidedly 
  

   brachycephalic. 
  The 
  absence 
  of 
  the 
  characteristic 
  cranial 
  

   crests 
  will 
  separate 
  it 
  from 
  the 
  skull 
  of 
  the 
  adult 
  Gorilla. 
  In 
  

  

  * 
  The 
  generic 
  name 
  used 
  {Pithecanthropus) 
  has 
  already 
  been 
  employed 
  by 
  

   Haeckel, 
  in 
  1868, 
  for 
  a 
  hypothetical 
  form, 
  which 
  walked 
  erect, 
  and 
  had 
  a 
  greater 
  

   intellectual 
  development 
  than 
  the 
  anthropoid 
  apes, 
  but 
  did 
  not 
  possess 
  the 
  faculty 
  

   of 
  speech. 
  

  

  Am. 
  Joub. 
  Sci.— 
  Thibd 
  Series, 
  Vol. 
  XLIX, 
  No 
  290 
  —Feb., 
  1895. 
  

   10 
  

  

  