﻿Geology 
  and 
  Mineralogy. 
  157 
  

  

  of 
  all 
  the 
  cols, 
  the 
  terraces 
  and 
  water 
  inscriptions 
  upon 
  the 
  valley 
  

   sides 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  cols, 
  and 
  particularly 
  the 
  many 
  large 
  deltas 
  

   formed 
  by 
  the 
  lateral 
  streams 
  debouching 
  into 
  the 
  extinct 
  lakes 
  

   at 
  the 
  high 
  levels. 
  

  

  Eighteen 
  of 
  these 
  extinct 
  lakes 
  are 
  recognized 
  from 
  the 
  topog- 
  

   raphy, 
  the 
  Attica 
  lake 
  (the 
  flooded 
  Tonawanda 
  valley) 
  being 
  the 
  

   most 
  western, 
  and 
  the 
  Tully 
  valley 
  lake 
  (the 
  flooded 
  Onondaga 
  

   valley) 
  the 
  most 
  eastern. 
  Data 
  have 
  been 
  gathered 
  by 
  personal 
  

   observation 
  and 
  measurements 
  of 
  several 
  of 
  the 
  more 
  important 
  

   lakes. 
  The 
  Ithaca 
  lake 
  was 
  the 
  largest 
  and 
  deepest, 
  being 
  at 
  its 
  

   maximum 
  over 
  1100 
  feet 
  deep, 
  five 
  to 
  ten 
  miles 
  wide 
  and 
  about 
  

   thirty 
  miles 
  long, 
  overflowing 
  by 
  the 
  Six 
  Mile 
  Creek 
  and 
  Catatonk 
  

   valleys 
  to 
  the 
  Susquehanna 
  at 
  Owego. 
  The 
  Watkins 
  lake 
  with 
  

   its 
  outlet 
  by 
  Horseheads 
  to 
  the 
  Chemung 
  at 
  Elmira 
  was 
  in 
  dimen- 
  

   sions 
  but 
  little 
  under 
  the 
  Ithaca 
  lake. 
  A 
  fine 
  delta 
  at 
  Watkins 
  

   gives 
  the 
  maximum 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  water 
  and 
  several 
  lower 
  levels. 
  

   The 
  Dansville, 
  the 
  Conesus, 
  the 
  Naples, 
  and 
  the 
  Hammondsport 
  

   lakes 
  have 
  been 
  carefully 
  studied. 
  Some 
  of 
  these 
  have 
  a 
  complex 
  

   but 
  interesting 
  history. 
  

  

  With 
  the 
  removal 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  barrier 
  by 
  the 
  melting 
  and 
  reces- 
  

   sion 
  of 
  the 
  ice, 
  the 
  local 
  glacial 
  lakes 
  were 
  lowered 
  until 
  they 
  

   were 
  merged 
  into 
  the 
  great 
  body 
  of 
  glacial 
  water 
  which 
  buried 
  

   all 
  western 
  New 
  York, 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  dividing 
  ridge, 
  to 
  a 
  depth 
  of 
  

   several 
  hundred 
  feet. 
  At 
  first 
  this 
  was 
  the 
  " 
  Warren 
  " 
  water, 
  

   having 
  its 
  outlet 
  at 
  the 
  low 
  divide 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  Lake 
  

   Michigan, 
  near 
  the 
  site 
  of 
  Chicago. 
  The 
  beac"hes 
  of 
  this 
  water 
  

   have 
  been 
  traced 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Gilbert, 
  Mr. 
  Spencer 
  and 
  Mr. 
  Leverett 
  

   to 
  a 
  point 
  east 
  of 
  Buffalo, 
  and 
  at 
  an 
  elevation 
  of 
  860 
  feet 
  or 
  more, 
  

   with 
  a 
  differential 
  rise 
  toward 
  the 
  northeast. 
  This 
  indicates 
  a 
  

   depression 
  of 
  western-central 
  New 
  York 
  following 
  the 
  ice-retreat. 
  

   If 
  Messrs. 
  Upham 
  and 
  Spencer 
  are 
  correct 
  in 
  their 
  estimates 
  of 
  

   the 
  depression, 
  then 
  the 
  Horseheads 
  outlet 
  of 
  the 
  glacial 
  Watkins 
  

   lake 
  was 
  certainly 
  below 
  the 
  Chicago 
  outlet 
  of 
  the 
  Warren 
  waters, 
  

   and 
  the 
  uncovering 
  of 
  the 
  Seneca 
  Valley 
  gave 
  a 
  new 
  and 
  lower 
  

   outlet. 
  There 
  could 
  have 
  been 
  no 
  other 
  escape 
  for 
  the 
  waters 
  

   unless 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  low 
  uncovered 
  pass 
  into 
  Hudson's 
  Bay, 
  which 
  

   is 
  not 
  believed. 
  In 
  memory 
  of 
  a 
  former 
  distinguished 
  worker 
  in 
  

   the 
  field 
  of 
  glacial 
  geology 
  this 
  lower 
  lake 
  is 
  called 
  Lake 
  New- 
  

   berry. 
  

  

  The 
  further 
  withdrawal 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  sheet 
  finally 
  uncovered 
  the 
  

   valley 
  of 
  the 
  Mohawk, 
  and 
  opened 
  a 
  still 
  lower 
  outlet, 
  producing 
  

   the 
  episode 
  of 
  Lake 
  Iroquois. 
  

  

  R. 
  D. 
  Salisbury 
  read 
  a 
  paper 
  on 
  " 
  The 
  Surface 
  Formations 
  

   of 
  Southern 
  New 
  Jersey." 
  The 
  following 
  abstract 
  was 
  prepared 
  

   by 
  him 
  for 
  this 
  Journal. 
  The 
  series' 
  of 
  deposits 
  considered 
  in 
  this 
  

   paper 
  have 
  heretofore 
  been 
  grouped 
  under 
  the 
  name 
  of 
  " 
  Yellow 
  

   Gravel." 
  It 
  is 
  found 
  that 
  the 
  series 
  of 
  sands 
  and 
  gravels 
  which 
  

   have 
  been 
  referred 
  to 
  by 
  this 
  general 
  name 
  are 
  divisible 
  into 
  sev- 
  

   eral 
  distinct 
  formations. 
  Of 
  these 
  formations 
  there 
  are 
  certainly 
  

   three, 
  probably 
  four, 
  and 
  possibly 
  five. 
  The 
  oldest 
  of 
  these 
  sev- 
  

  

  