﻿Geology 
  and 
  Mineralogy. 
  163 
  

  

  Under 
  the 
  Quaternary, 
  the 
  three 
  periods 
  are, 
  as 
  before, 
  the 
  

   Glacial, 
  Champlain 
  and 
  Recent, 
  and 
  the 
  same 
  grand 
  continental 
  

   or 
  epeirogenic 
  movements, 
  first 
  appealed 
  to 
  by 
  the 
  author 
  in 
  1855, 
  

   are 
  still 
  recognized 
  as 
  distinguishing 
  them. 
  The 
  Glacial 
  period 
  

   is 
  divided 
  into 
  three 
  epochs 
  (l) 
  The 
  Early 
  Glacial, 
  or 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  

   Advance 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  to 
  its 
  maximum 
  extension 
  ; 
  (2) 
  the 
  Middle 
  

   Glacial, 
  or 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  First 
  retreat; 
  and 
  (3) 
  the 
  Later 
  Glacial, 
  or 
  

   that 
  of 
  the 
  Final 
  retreat. 
  

  

  Evidence 
  is 
  presented 
  connected 
  with 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  birds 
  

   and 
  other 
  species, 
  proving 
  that 
  during 
  the 
  Glacial 
  period 
  the 
  

   Antarctic 
  lands 
  were 
  emerged, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  Antarctic 
  continent, 
  

   so 
  made, 
  spread 
  northward 
  until 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  closely 
  connected 
  

   with 
  Australia, 
  New 
  Zealand, 
  South 
  America, 
  Madagascar, 
  and 
  

   Southern 
  Africa, 
  so 
  that 
  it 
  added 
  to 
  the 
  efficiency 
  of 
  high 
  latitude 
  

   elevation 
  in 
  giving 
  a 
  glacial 
  climate 
  to 
  the 
  period. 
  The 
  work 
  

   also 
  states 
  evidence 
  for 
  believing 
  that 
  the 
  semiglaciated 
  condition 
  

   of 
  South 
  Africa, 
  India 
  and 
  perhaps 
  Australia, 
  in 
  the 
  later 
  Permian, 
  

   was 
  probably 
  due 
  to 
  similar 
  Antarctic 
  conditions. 
  

  

  Through 
  the 
  Historical 
  Geology, 
  the 
  history 
  of 
  an 
  era 
  is 
  followed 
  

   by 
  a 
  review 
  of 
  the 
  geological 
  and 
  biological 
  progress 
  made 
  dur- 
  

   ing 
  it, 
  thereby 
  illustrating 
  the 
  stages 
  in 
  Continental 
  growth, 
  and 
  

   briefly 
  the 
  stages 
  in 
  the 
  history 
  of 
  living 
  species. 
  In 
  the 
  closing 
  

   chapter 
  of 
  the 
  work, 
  making 
  the 
  last 
  of 
  the 
  series 
  on 
  the 
  Progress 
  

   in 
  the 
  Earth's 
  life, 
  the 
  author 
  sets 
  forth 
  in 
  a 
  more 
  general 
  way 
  

   his 
  views 
  on 
  evolution. 
  Referring, 
  — 
  under 
  the 
  heading 
  "Augmen- 
  

   tation 
  of 
  variations 
  by 
  interbreeding 
  fundamental 
  in 
  evolution 
  " 
  

   — 
  to 
  the 
  augmentation 
  of 
  variations 
  by 
  selective 
  breeding, 
  and 
  

   the 
  strange 
  diversity 
  of 
  results 
  thus 
  educed, 
  he 
  says 
  : 
  " 
  it 
  is 
  per- 
  

   ceived 
  that 
  the 
  law 
  of 
  nature 
  here 
  exemplified 
  is 
  not 
  like 
  produces 
  

   like, 
  but 
  like 
  with 
  an 
  increment," 
  and 
  that 
  " 
  consequently 
  the 
  law 
  

   of 
  nature, 
  as 
  regards 
  the 
  kingdoms 
  of 
  life 
  is 
  not 
  permanence 
  but 
  

   change, 
  evolution." 
  Two 
  following 
  paragraphs 
  have 
  the 
  head- 
  

   ings 
  : 
  "Natural 
  selection 
  not 
  essential 
  to 
  evolution, 
  variation 
  

   being 
  effectual 
  without 
  it 
  " 
  (that 
  is 
  the 
  variation 
  that 
  goes 
  forward 
  

   under 
  the 
  slow 
  and 
  sure 
  processes 
  of 
  free 
  nature) 
  ; 
  "Natural 
  

   selection 
  a 
  means 
  of 
  determining 
  the 
  successive 
  floras 
  and 
  faunas 
  

   of 
  the 
  world, 
  a 
  prominent 
  cause 
  of 
  the 
  geographical 
  distribution 
  

   of 
  species." 
  Moreover, 
  a 
  " 
  tendency 
  upward 
  " 
  in 
  the 
  Animal 
  

   Kingdom 
  is 
  stated 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  necessary 
  consequence, 
  under 
  favorable 
  

   conditions, 
  of 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  a 
  cephalic 
  nervous 
  mass 
  or 
  ganglion. 
  

   The 
  theory 
  advocated 
  is 
  essentially 
  the 
  Lamarckian, 
  Evolution 
  

   by 
  variation," 
  not 
  " 
  Evolution 
  by 
  Natural 
  selection." 
  

  

  The 
  illustrations 
  in 
  the 
  work 
  have 
  been 
  increased 
  in 
  number 
  by 
  

   more 
  than 
  400, 
  making 
  the 
  total 
  over 
  1575, 
  and 
  to 
  them 
  is 
  owing 
  

   in 
  part 
  the 
  increased 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  volume. 
  They 
  include 
  a 
  bathy- 
  

   metric 
  map 
  of 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  and 
  Pacific 
  oceans, 
  another 
  of 
  the 
  

   Arctic 
  ocean, 
  a 
  temperature 
  oceanic 
  chart, 
  a 
  map 
  of 
  the 
  Great 
  

   Lakes 
  ; 
  seven 
  maps 
  illustrating 
  the 
  supposed 
  geographical 
  condi- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  North 
  American 
  Continent 
  at 
  different 
  times 
  in 
  its 
  

   history 
  from 
  the 
  Archsean 
  to 
  the 
  Quaternary, 
  a 
  map 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  