﻿F. 
  B. 
  Taylor 
  — 
  Niagara 
  and 
  the 
  Great 
  Lakes. 
  253 
  

  

  The 
  Chippewa, 
  Beach. 
  

  

  When 
  the 
  water 
  stood 
  at 
  its 
  highest 
  level, 
  whether 
  it 
  was 
  a 
  

   glacial 
  lake, 
  or 
  an 
  arm 
  of 
  the 
  sea, 
  it 
  made 
  a 
  continuous 
  strand 
  

   in 
  one 
  form 
  or 
  another 
  along 
  the 
  entire 
  extent 
  of 
  its 
  land 
  

   margin. 
  When 
  that 
  beach 
  is 
  determined 
  at 
  frequent 
  intervals 
  

   with 
  care 
  it 
  is 
  fair 
  to 
  assume 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  continuous. 
  If 
  the 
  beach 
  

   has 
  characteristic 
  features 
  which 
  suggest 
  identity 
  this 
  inference 
  

   is 
  greatly 
  strengthened, 
  and 
  is 
  not 
  to 
  be 
  given 
  up 
  without 
  

   positive 
  proof 
  of 
  discontinuity. 
  As 
  a 
  matter 
  of 
  fact 
  the 
  highest 
  

   beach 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  is 
  generally 
  strongly 
  developed 
  and 
  shows 
  

   by 
  its 
  structure 
  that 
  wave 
  action, 
  at 
  and 
  near 
  its 
  level, 
  was 
  

   powerful 
  and 
  of 
  long 
  duration. 
  Its 
  ridges 
  could 
  have 
  been 
  

   made 
  only 
  by 
  the 
  heavy 
  surf 
  of 
  a 
  large 
  body 
  of 
  water. 
  At 
  

   many 
  places 
  the 
  upper 
  limit 
  of 
  submergence 
  is 
  marked 
  by 
  a 
  

   compact 
  series 
  of 
  strongly 
  developed 
  shingle 
  or 
  gravel 
  ridges 
  

   with 
  lagoon 
  hollows 
  between, 
  sometimes 
  covering 
  altogether 
  a 
  

   horizontal 
  width 
  of 
  a 
  quarter 
  to 
  a 
  half 
  mile 
  and 
  usually 
  measur- 
  

   ing 
  35 
  feet 
  from 
  the 
  crest 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  ridge 
  down 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  

   the 
  lowest 
  of 
  the 
  series. 
  This 
  arrangement 
  is 
  a 
  very 
  persistent 
  

   feature 
  of 
  this 
  beach 
  and 
  appears 
  at 
  widely 
  separated 
  places. 
  

   It 
  is 
  typical 
  at 
  Mackinac 
  Island 
  and 
  Sault 
  Ste. 
  Marie 
  and 
  is 
  

   only 
  slightly 
  less 
  conspicuous 
  at 
  North 
  Bay, 
  Marquette, 
  L'Anse, 
  

   Burnt 
  Bluff 
  and 
  other 
  places. 
  Its 
  similarity 
  in 
  all 
  these 
  places 
  

   points 
  strongly 
  to 
  its 
  unity 
  as 
  one 
  continuous 
  beach 
  conditioned 
  

   at 
  all 
  places 
  alike 
  by 
  a 
  very 
  even 
  and 
  gradual 
  recession 
  of 
  the 
  

   waters 
  for 
  the 
  first 
  35 
  feet. 
  In 
  other 
  places 
  where 
  the 
  ridge 
  

   series 
  is 
  not 
  so 
  conspicuous 
  or 
  is 
  absent 
  there 
  is 
  sometimes 
  

   equally 
  impressive 
  evidence 
  of 
  long 
  duration 
  of 
  submergence 
  

   near 
  one 
  level 
  in 
  great 
  gravel 
  and 
  sand 
  deltas 
  like 
  those 
  near 
  

   Marquette, 
  Cartier, 
  and 
  Sault 
  Ste. 
  Marie, 
  or 
  in 
  deep 
  deltoid 
  

   deposits 
  of 
  laminated 
  silt 
  like 
  those 
  at 
  Bracebridge 
  and 
  Burk's 
  

   Falls, 
  Ontario. 
  The 
  character 
  of 
  the 
  beach 
  and 
  its 
  situation 
  

   on 
  the 
  various 
  coasts 
  of 
  the 
  north 
  seem 
  to 
  leave 
  no 
  reasonable 
  

   doubt 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  all 
  one 
  beach 
  and 
  marks 
  the 
  margin 
  of 
  one 
  

   water 
  plane. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  first 
  of 
  the 
  six 
  papers 
  mentioned 
  above, 
  I 
  called 
  the 
  

   highest 
  old 
  shore 
  line 
  on 
  Mackinac 
  Island 
  the 
  Algonquin 
  

   beach, 
  supposing 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  same 
  as 
  Spencer's 
  beach 
  of 
  that 
  

   name 
  on 
  the 
  east 
  Huron 
  and 
  Georgian 
  Bay 
  shores. 
  But 
  I 
  

   afterwards 
  found 
  reason 
  to 
  doubt 
  this 
  correlation, 
  and 
  so, 
  pend- 
  

   ing 
  a 
  fuller 
  knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  facts 
  which 
  might 
  enable 
  me 
  to 
  

   make 
  a 
  better 
  judgment, 
  I 
  henceforth 
  adopted 
  the 
  common 
  

   term 
  "highest 
  beach" 
  and 
  used 
  that 
  without 
  attempting 
  to 
  

   establish 
  identity 
  with 
  other 
  beaches 
  already 
  named. 
  But 
  

   observations 
  have 
  been 
  considerably 
  extended 
  in 
  the 
  last 
  two 
  

  

  