﻿F. 
  B. 
  Taylor 
  — 
  Niagara 
  and 
  the 
  Great 
  Lakes. 
  257 
  

  

  farther 
  north 
  and 
  about 
  28 
  miles 
  south 
  of 
  North 
  Bay. 
  This 
  

   shows 
  a 
  descent 
  of 
  something 
  over 
  80 
  feet 
  from 
  Trout 
  Creek 
  

   to 
  the 
  Chippewa 
  beach 
  at 
  Nelson's 
  — 
  a 
  rate 
  of 
  over 
  two 
  and 
  a 
  

   half 
  feet 
  per 
  mile. 
  This 
  might 
  suggest 
  that 
  the 
  plane 
  passes 
  

   downward 
  toward 
  the 
  north 
  indefinitely 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  pass 
  below 
  

   the 
  Abitibbi 
  pass 
  (957 
  feet). 
  But 
  at 
  Cartier, 
  which 
  is 
  about 
  

   25 
  miles 
  farther 
  north 
  than 
  North 
  Bay 
  and 
  about 
  100 
  miles 
  

   to 
  the 
  west, 
  the 
  height 
  of 
  the 
  beach 
  is 
  about 
  1200 
  feet. 
  

   Perhaps 
  this 
  leaves 
  some 
  uncertainty 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  the 
  

   Abitibbi 
  strait 
  to 
  Hudson 
  Bay, 
  but 
  it 
  makes 
  that 
  over 
  Lake 
  

   Tamagaming 
  to 
  the 
  upper 
  Ottawa 
  valley 
  almost 
  certain. 
  The 
  

   Nippissing 
  strait 
  was 
  about 
  25 
  miles 
  wide 
  and 
  nearly 
  500 
  

   feet 
  deep, 
  while 
  the 
  Tamagaming 
  strait 
  was 
  probably 
  between 
  

   300 
  and 
  400 
  feet 
  deep 
  and 
  about 
  50 
  miles 
  wide. 
  The 
  conti- 
  

   nuity 
  and 
  oneness 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  Chippewa 
  beach, 
  stretching 
  as 
  

   the 
  highest 
  shore 
  line 
  from 
  Duluth 
  to 
  North 
  Bay 
  and 
  on 
  all 
  

   the 
  shores 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Petoskey 
  node 
  line, 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  

   certainty. 
  It 
  is 
  believed 
  that 
  this 
  great 
  expanse 
  of 
  water 
  was 
  

   an 
  arm 
  of 
  the 
  ocean, 
  and 
  following 
  previous 
  usage 
  as 
  closely 
  

   as 
  possible, 
  I 
  call 
  it 
  Warren 
  Gulf.* 
  

  

  From 
  the 
  Petoskey 
  node 
  line 
  the 
  Chippewa 
  beach 
  undoubt- 
  

   edly 
  extends 
  southward, 
  but 
  in 
  all 
  three 
  basins 
  it 
  passes 
  below 
  

   the 
  Algonquin 
  plane, 
  and 
  unless 
  it 
  bends 
  upward 
  must 
  strike 
  

   far 
  below 
  the 
  level 
  of 
  both 
  the 
  St. 
  Clair 
  and 
  Chicago 
  outlets. 
  

   The 
  Chippewa 
  plane 
  produced 
  south 
  from 
  Burnt 
  Bluff 
  at 
  its 
  

   descent 
  of 
  two 
  and 
  one-third 
  feet 
  per 
  mile 
  from 
  Cook's 
  Mill 
  

   passes 
  under 
  the 
  lake 
  on 
  the 
  Michigan 
  shore 
  close 
  to 
  Cave 
  

   Point, 
  about 
  ten 
  miles 
  north 
  of 
  Sturgeon 
  Bay 
  and 
  about 
  at 
  

   Peshtigo 
  Point 
  on 
  the 
  west 
  side 
  of 
  Green 
  Bay. 
  The 
  great 
  

   littoral 
  accumulations 
  at 
  a 
  low 
  level 
  near 
  the 
  former 
  place, 
  and 
  

   the 
  great 
  Menominee-Peshtigo 
  delta 
  at 
  the 
  latter, 
  seem 
  to 
  give 
  

   some 
  support 
  to 
  this 
  supposition. 
  Continued 
  to 
  Chicago 
  at 
  

   the 
  same 
  rate 
  the 
  plane 
  would 
  strike 
  over 
  350 
  feet 
  below 
  lake 
  

   level. 
  

  

  The 
  Chippewa 
  beach 
  marks 
  the 
  highest 
  stage 
  and 
  greatest 
  

   extent 
  of 
  Warren 
  Gulf. 
  For 
  it 
  is 
  the 
  highest 
  post-glacial 
  beach 
  

   in 
  the 
  north. 
  In 
  one 
  of 
  his 
  recent 
  papers 
  f 
  Prof. 
  Spencer 
  

   describes 
  several 
  beaches 
  at 
  much 
  higher 
  levels. 
  He 
  supposes 
  

   the 
  extension 
  of 
  the 
  deserted 
  beaches 
  of 
  the 
  Erie 
  basin 
  to 
  the 
  

   Adirondacks, 
  and 
  to 
  other 
  distant 
  northern 
  regions. 
  It 
  

   evidently 
  seemed 
  necessary 
  to 
  him 
  to 
  postulate 
  these 
  exten- 
  

   sions 
  because 
  he 
  takes 
  all 
  the 
  beaches 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  marine 
  origin. 
  

  

  * 
  Spencer 
  at 
  first 
  called 
  the 
  expanded 
  lakes 
  "Lake 
  Warren," 
  although 
  he 
  

   recognized 
  that 
  it 
  might 
  be 
  an 
  arm 
  of 
  the 
  sea. 
  Later 
  he 
  adopted 
  the 
  less 
  

   specific 
  term 
  " 
  Warren. 
  Water." 
  But 
  he 
  does 
  not 
  recognize 
  its 
  limits 
  exactly 
  as 
  

   they 
  are 
  here 
  defined. 
  

  

  f 
  " 
  High 
  Level 
  Shores 
  in 
  the 
  "Region 
  of 
  the 
  Great 
  Lakes, 
  and 
  their 
  Deforma- 
  

   tion," 
  this 
  Journal, 
  vol. 
  xli, 
  March 
  1891. 
  

  

  