﻿258 
  F. 
  B. 
  Taylor 
  — 
  Niagara 
  and 
  the 
  Great 
  Lakes. 
  

  

  On 
  that 
  hypothesis 
  such 
  extensions 
  seem 
  inevitable. 
  But 
  this 
  

   assumption 
  is 
  not 
  borne 
  out 
  by 
  observation. 
  There 
  are 
  no 
  

   beaches 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  corresponding 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  Erie 
  basin.* 
  

   In 
  exploring 
  those 
  regions 
  I 
  endeavored 
  always 
  to 
  locate 
  the 
  

   highest 
  beach. 
  But 
  I 
  found 
  no 
  evidence 
  of 
  submergence 
  

   above 
  the 
  Chippewa 
  beach 
  anywhere 
  in 
  the 
  north. 
  I 
  did 
  not 
  

   find 
  a 
  single 
  feature 
  that 
  could 
  be 
  attributed 
  with 
  certainty 
  to 
  

   wave 
  action, 
  and 
  that 
  is 
  the 
  crucial 
  test 
  for 
  widespread 
  sub- 
  

   mergence. 
  

  

  Prof. 
  Spencer 
  gives 
  some 
  prominence 
  also 
  to 
  other 
  sup- 
  

   posed 
  beaches 
  at 
  much 
  higher 
  levels. 
  f 
  The 
  facts 
  upon 
  which 
  

   their 
  identity 
  rests, 
  however, 
  are 
  very 
  scant 
  and 
  scattered. 
  

   The 
  basis 
  for 
  the 
  broad 
  conclusions 
  which 
  Prof. 
  Spencer 
  draws 
  

   from 
  them, 
  following 
  Dawson 
  nearly 
  to 
  the 
  utmost 
  in 
  his 
  idea 
  

   of 
  widespread 
  submergence 
  at 
  very 
  high 
  levels, 
  seems 
  to 
  me 
  

   to 
  be 
  altogether 
  inadequate. 
  For 
  it 
  is 
  merely 
  a 
  promiscuous 
  

   collection 
  of 
  random 
  observations 
  in 
  which 
  occasional 
  features 
  

   more 
  or 
  less 
  resembling 
  beaches, 
  terraces 
  or 
  other 
  littoral 
  forms 
  

   were 
  observed 
  by 
  different 
  persons 
  at 
  widely 
  separated 
  places. 
  

   The 
  characters 
  which 
  these 
  observations 
  record 
  are 
  not 
  suffi- 
  

   ciently 
  clear 
  to 
  identify 
  the 
  shore 
  line 
  of 
  a 
  great 
  expanse 
  of 
  

   water. 
  Forms 
  which 
  show 
  only 
  general 
  resemblance 
  to 
  beaches, 
  

   terraces, 
  etc., 
  are 
  not 
  enough. 
  Glacial 
  and 
  glacio-fluvial 
  action 
  

   make 
  all 
  these 
  in 
  abundance. 
  The 
  Erie 
  and 
  Michigan 
  beaches 
  

   and 
  others 
  above 
  the 
  Iroquois 
  plane 
  will 
  probably 
  all 
  be 
  finally 
  

   correlated 
  with 
  moraines. 
  

  

  Warren 
  Gulf, 
  therefore, 
  did 
  not 
  extend 
  to 
  the 
  Erie 
  basin, 
  

   although 
  it 
  filled 
  all 
  the 
  others 
  above. 
  Prof. 
  Spencer 
  has 
  

   defined 
  "Lake 
  Warren," 
  or 
  "Warren 
  Water," 
  as 
  the 
  prede- 
  

   cessor 
  of 
  "Lake 
  Algonquin." 
  On 
  this 
  account 
  it 
  has 
  seemed 
  

   best 
  to 
  apply 
  the 
  name 
  to 
  the 
  water 
  which 
  made 
  the 
  Chippewa 
  

   beach 
  rather 
  than 
  to 
  the 
  glacial 
  waters 
  which 
  made 
  the 
  Maumee 
  

   beach 
  of 
  the 
  Erie 
  basin. 
  

  

  The 
  Gulf 
  of 
  Winnipeg. 
  

  

  If 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  Warren 
  Gulf 
  there 
  is 
  the 
  strongest 
  reason 
  to 
  

   believe 
  there 
  was, 
  contemporaneously 
  with 
  it, 
  a 
  Gulf 
  of 
  Win- 
  

   nipeg, 
  covering 
  the 
  area 
  commonly 
  spoken 
  of 
  as 
  the 
  basin 
  of 
  

  

  * 
  Mr. 
  Upham, 
  in 
  the 
  papers 
  cited 
  above, 
  correlates 
  the 
  Nelson 
  beach 
  near 
  

   North 
  Bay 
  with 
  the 
  Belmore 
  beach 
  of 
  the 
  Erie 
  series 
  in 
  Ohio. 
  Between 
  Nelson'3 
  

   and 
  South 
  River 
  there 
  are 
  probably 
  recent 
  faults, 
  so 
  that 
  from 
  Nelson's 
  the 
  

   Chippewa 
  beach 
  rises 
  to 
  South 
  River 
  and 
  from 
  there 
  it 
  descends 
  and 
  is 
  almost 
  

   certainly 
  continuous 
  to 
  Buntsville 
  where 
  it 
  intersects 
  the 
  Algonquin 
  beach. 
  The 
  

   latter 
  is 
  betier 
  known 
  and 
  is 
  continuous 
  to 
  Grand 
  Bend 
  40 
  miles 
  northeast 
  of 
  

   Sarnia, 
  where 
  it 
  is 
  18 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  lake 
  and 
  descending 
  westward 
  about 
  one 
  

   foot 
  per 
  mile. 
  Spencer's 
  data 
  for 
  calculating 
  its 
  place 
  at 
  20 
  feet 
  below 
  lake 
  level 
  

   off 
  Sarnia 
  are 
  good. 
  It 
  seems 
  to 
  me 
  therefore 
  that 
  Mr. 
  Upham's 
  correlation 
  is 
  

   impossible. 
  

  

  f 
  Op. 
  cit., 
  pp. 
  209-211. 
  

  

  