﻿Chemistry 
  and 
  Physics. 
  315 
  

  

  small 
  flat-flame 
  burners, 
  and 
  then 
  gives 
  a 
  light 
  of 
  240 
  candles 
  

   when 
  consumed 
  at 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  five 
  feet 
  per 
  hour. 
  It 
  is 
  claimed 
  

   that 
  calcium 
  carbide 
  can 
  be 
  produced 
  in 
  this 
  way 
  for 
  about 
  $20 
  

   per 
  ton. 
  Since 
  a 
  ton 
  will 
  yield 
  about 
  11,000 
  cubic 
  feet 
  of 
  gas, 
  

   the 
  cost 
  at 
  this 
  rate 
  would 
  be 
  about 
  $1/60 
  per 
  thousand 
  cubic 
  

   feet, 
  deducting 
  the 
  value 
  of 
  bye-products. 
  In 
  illuminating 
  value, 
  

   it 
  would 
  be 
  equivalent 
  to 
  ordinary 
  coal 
  gas 
  at 
  about 
  ten 
  or 
  twelve 
  

   cents 
  per 
  thousand. 
  Moreover, 
  since 
  acetylene 
  is 
  the 
  starting 
  

   point 
  lor 
  a 
  multitude 
  of 
  organic 
  syntheses, 
  this 
  cheap 
  production 
  

   is 
  of 
  great 
  importance 
  in 
  chemical 
  industry. 
  — 
  Nature, 
  li, 
  303, 
  

   January, 
  1895. 
  g 
  f. 
  b. 
  

  

  7. 
  Theoretical 
  Chemistry 
  from 
  the 
  Standpoint 
  of 
  Avogadro's 
  

   rule 
  and 
  Thermodynamics. 
  By 
  Prof. 
  Walter 
  Nernst, 
  Ph.D., 
  

   of 
  the 
  University 
  of 
  Gottingen. 
  Translated 
  by 
  Prof. 
  Charles 
  

   Skeele 
  Palmer, 
  Ph.D., 
  of 
  the 
  University 
  of 
  Colorado, 
  8vo, 
  pp. 
  

   xxvi, 
  697. 
  London 
  and 
  New 
  York, 
  1895*(Ylacmillan 
  & 
  Co.), 
  $5. 
  

   — 
  Dr. 
  Nernst 
  is 
  well 
  known 
  as 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  leaders 
  of 
  the 
  new 
  

   School 
  of 
  Physical 
  Chemists. 
  His 
  papers 
  upon 
  subjects 
  within 
  

   this 
  domain 
  have 
  received 
  marked 
  attention 
  and 
  have 
  made 
  him 
  

   an 
  authority 
  in 
  this 
  branch 
  of 
  chemistry. 
  A 
  book 
  from 
  his 
  pen, 
  

   like 
  the 
  one 
  now 
  before 
  us, 
  therefore, 
  cannot 
  fail 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  great 
  

   service 
  in 
  advancing 
  chemical 
  science 
  and 
  will, 
  no 
  doubt, 
  be 
  

   warmly 
  welcomed 
  by 
  his 
  co-laborers 
  in 
  every 
  land. 
  It 
  is 
  divided 
  

   into 
  four 
  principal 
  divisions 
  or 
  books, 
  preceded 
  by 
  an 
  introduction 
  

   upon 
  matter 
  and 
  energy 
  and 
  their 
  relations. 
  The 
  first 
  book 
  

   treats 
  of 
  the 
  universal 
  properties 
  of 
  matter, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  gaseous, 
  

   the 
  liquid 
  and 
  the 
  solid 
  states 
  of 
  aggregation, 
  the 
  physical 
  mix- 
  

   ture 
  and 
  dilute 
  solutions. 
  The 
  second 
  book 
  considers 
  the 
  atom 
  

   and 
  the 
  molecule, 
  taking 
  up 
  successively 
  the 
  atomic 
  theory, 
  the 
  

   kinetic 
  theory 
  of 
  the 
  molecule, 
  the 
  determination 
  of 
  molecular 
  

   weight, 
  the 
  constitution 
  of 
  the 
  molecule, 
  the 
  relation 
  between 
  

   physical 
  properties 
  and 
  molecular 
  structure, 
  the 
  dissociation 
  of 
  

   gases 
  and 
  electrolytic 
  dissociation, 
  the 
  physical 
  properties 
  of 
  salt 
  

   solutions, 
  and 
  the 
  absolute 
  size 
  of 
  molecules. 
  Book 
  third 
  dis- 
  

   cusses 
  the 
  transformation 
  of 
  matter, 
  being 
  the 
  first 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  

   doctrine 
  of 
  affinity; 
  its 
  chapters 
  being 
  upon 
  the 
  laws 
  of 
  chemical 
  

   mass-action, 
  the 
  chemical 
  statics 
  of 
  homogeneous 
  a 
  r 
  id 
  hetero- 
  

   geneous 
  systems, 
  chemical 
  equilibrium 
  in 
  salt 
  solutions 
  and 
  

   chemical 
  kinetics. 
  Book 
  fourth 
  is 
  devoted 
  to 
  the 
  transformation 
  

   of 
  energy, 
  being 
  the 
  second 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  doctrine 
  of 
  affinity; 
  its 
  

   first 
  five 
  chapters 
  treating 
  of 
  thermochemistry 
  and 
  its 
  last 
  two 
  

   of 
  electrochemistry 
  and 
  photochemistry 
  respectively. 
  Two 
  valu- 
  

   able 
  appendices 
  complete 
  the 
  work. 
  One, 
  edited 
  by 
  Dr. 
  Nernst 
  

   himself, 
  contains 
  important 
  matter 
  which 
  has 
  appeared 
  since 
  the 
  

   publication 
  of 
  the 
  German 
  edition,. 
  The 
  other, 
  edited 
  by 
  Dr. 
  

   Kaiser, 
  is 
  a 
  synchronistic 
  comparison 
  of 
  the 
  chief 
  periodicals 
  

   bearing 
  on 
  this 
  department 
  of 
  chemistry. 
  From 
  this 
  resume 
  

   will 
  appear 
  at 
  once 
  not 
  only 
  how 
  wide 
  is 
  the 
  range 
  of 
  subjects 
  

   treated 
  in 
  this 
  volume, 
  but 
  also 
  how 
  clear 
  and 
  logical 
  is 
  the 
  order 
  

   in 
  which 
  they 
  are 
  taken 
  up. 
  Dr. 
  Nernst 
  everywhere 
  speaks 
  with 
  

  

  