J 5 GENERAT, IN TRODUC'l'ION. 



Upon these elevated summits, for, in the lanouaoe of our State Bota- 

 nist. Mr. Charles H. Peck, " the frec^uent rains, the investing clouds, 

 and die low temperature which retards evaporation, all conspire to 

 produce that prevalence of moisture which imitates the condition of 

 the marshes."'"' On the open summit of Mt. Marcy (altitude 5,344 

 feet, or 1,628 metres) Mr. Peck found Cassajidra calyndata, Lcdiun 

 latifolium, Kalmia glauca, HabcvMria dilatata, Veratruni viride, Ca- 

 rex irrigua, and Calauiagrostis Canadensis — all swamp plants. There 

 are no trees here to protect them from the sun. for they <^row upon 

 the open summit "above ti}}ibcr line " — which is about 4,800-4,900 feet 

 (1,463.04-1,493.52 metres) above tide-level. 



Many of the valle)'s are occupied by extensive balsam and tama- 

 rack swamps, which are always carpeted with dense mats of wet 

 Sphagnum, into which one sinks half a foot or more and yet rarely 

 leaves a trail — so perfectly does the spon^^y mass resume its former 

 shape. These places are the homes of the Spruce Grouse or Canada 

 Partridge, the Blue Yellow-backed Warbler that builds its pensile 

 nest of the gray tamarack lichen i^Usncd),\\\Q. Canada P^ly-catching 

 Warbler, and several other species. 



Most of the mountains are covered with a tolerably dense grc)wth 

 of coniferous trees, but there are quite a number whose summits have 

 been laid bare by tornadoes. These devastating winds every now 

 and then uncover a mountain so effectually that not only the trees and 

 undershrubs, but even the soil itself, and all life upon it, are hurled 

 together into the valley below — forming vast and lasting " windfalls " 

 to bar the path of inquisitive man. 



Pire, also, too frequently overruns and lays waste tracts of large 

 extent, that, for years afterwards, constitute marked features in the 

 make-up of the country, and exert a decided influence upon the 

 minor local distribution of life over its surface. The charred stubs 

 of the larger trees long remain as favorite haunts for several species 



* Report of Adirondack Survey, Albany, iSSo, pp. 405-6. 



