﻿60 
  FEDDEN 
  : 
  GEOLOGY 
  OF 
  KATHIAWAR 
  PENINSULA 
  IN 
  GUZERAT. 
  

  

  CHAPTER 
  III. 
  

  

  GENERAL 
  SUMMARY. 
  

  

  The 
  oldest 
  rocks 
  in 
  the 
  country, 
  the 
  Umia 
  sandstones, 
  cannot 
  be 
  placed 
  

   lower 
  in 
  the 
  geological 
  scale 
  than 
  the 
  uppermost 
  division 
  of 
  the 
  Gond- 
  

   wana 
  system 
  of 
  peninsular 
  India 
  ; 
  they 
  occupy 
  a 
  subordinate 
  area 
  in 
  

   the 
  northern 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  province. 
  Upon 
  them 
  rest 
  other 
  sandstones 
  and 
  

   grits, 
  with 
  a 
  meagre 
  development 
  of 
  limestone 
  ; 
  these 
  upper 
  beds 
  may 
  be 
  

   regarded 
  as 
  the 
  remains 
  of 
  a 
  newer 
  group 
  than 
  the 
  Umias 
  ; 
  and 
  they 
  pro- 
  

   bably 
  belong 
  to 
  an 
  early 
  cretaceous 
  age. 
  The 
  trappean 
  system 
  is 
  next 
  

   represented 
  by 
  a 
  very 
  extensive 
  and 
  thick 
  series 
  of 
  volcanic 
  products 
  ; 
  

   which, 
  by 
  their 
  extraordinary 
  display 
  of 
  flow 
  and 
  dyke 
  features, 
  indicate, 
  

   more 
  especially 
  than 
  in 
  any 
  other 
  part 
  of 
  India, 
  a 
  period 
  of 
  great 
  fissure 
  

   eruption. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  latter 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  trappean 
  period 
  it 
  would 
  appear 
  that 
  the 
  

   eruptions 
  became 
  more 
  local 
  and 
  restricted 
  to 
  certain 
  centres 
  of 
  issue, 
  

   assimilating 
  more 
  to 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  volcanoes, 
  as 
  illustrated 
  in 
  the 
  Junagai-h 
  

   and 
  the 
  Barda 
  hills. 
  Some 
  time 
  subsequent 
  to 
  the 
  fissure-eruption 
  

   period 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  country 
  became 
  subject 
  to 
  a 
  great 
  amount 
  of 
  

   denudation, 
  in 
  some 
  parts 
  more 
  than 
  in 
  others. 
  In 
  the 
  northern 
  division, 
  

   for 
  instance, 
  the 
  traps 
  have 
  been 
  entirely 
  denuded, 
  laying 
  bare 
  the 
  

   cretaceous 
  and 
  Jurassic 
  sandstones 
  that 
  have 
  themselves 
  also 
  undergone 
  

   much 
  scouring 
  and 
  partial 
  removal. 
  About 
  this 
  time 
  the 
  lower 
  half 
  of 
  

   the 
  province 
  was 
  depressed 
  to 
  a 
  certain 
  extent, 
  bringing 
  the 
  southern 
  mar- 
  

   gin 
  of 
  the 
  traps 
  beneath 
  the 
  sea, 
  and 
  then 
  tertiary 
  strata 
  of 
  miocene 
  age 
  

   were 
  deposited 
  as 
  a 
  littoral 
  fringe 
  upon 
  the 
  submerged 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  

   traps. 
  The 
  south-western 
  part 
  appears 
  to 
  have 
  remained 
  under 
  water 
  

   longer 
  to 
  admit 
  of 
  later 
  accumulations 
  upon 
  the 
  miocene 
  rocks. 
  After 
  

   the 
  depression 
  a 
  period 
  of 
  elevation 
  set 
  in 
  ; 
  but 
  at 
  a 
  later 
  date, 
  i.e., 
  in 
  

   sub-recent 
  times, 
  nearly 
  the 
  whole 
  province 
  was 
  again 
  dipped 
  beneath 
  

   the 
  sea 
  — 
  only 
  the 
  tops 
  of 
  the 
  highest 
  hills 
  probably 
  escaping 
  submersion 
  ; 
  

   and 
  on 
  its 
  final 
  elevation 
  the 
  receding 
  waters 
  left 
  their 
  mark 
  in 
  the 
  patches 
  

   and 
  fringes 
  of 
  white 
  miliolite 
  now 
  seen 
  on 
  the 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  hills 
  and 
  in 
  

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