TRIBES IN WESTERN SZECHCWAN 67 



and stupid : they were always armed with knives and were 

 villianous looking. They were utterly incapable of pro- 

 gress." . . In the South East were the Ch'iang 

 and Lo 5t1&." In the South West "were the Cave- 

 dwelling Man M&" and in the North West the " Tufan " 

 ± *f of Kin Chuan & jll Wei & Meng M Pao Hsien ft and 

 Sungpan & 81. In the time of Chu Koh Wu Heo, the 

 good minister of the Shuh Han, "the Ch'iang and Ti still 

 retained power." The term "Man" at one time meant 

 the uncultured ron-Chinese of the South, and in the Yuen 

 Dynasty included large sections of the population South of 

 the Yangtze. But now it is especially applied to the 

 Tibetan tribes in Taohienlu. The term here, however, may 

 be a Chinese adaptation of a native word like "Minya," 13 

 the Tibetan name for Tachienlu country. This centre is 

 comparatively recent as regards Chinese influence, and the 

 Tibetans, while disliking the term Mantze, H! -?, have no 

 objection to Man Chia. But the term is applied to the 

 non-Chinese of many regions. For instance : 



We are told in the " T'u Kao," that " all around Sung- 

 pan are 'Man' ' that "the gardens of the 'Man' and 

 Liao W encircle the Hills in the Min"; and the Wen Chwan 

 Man $C ill §? " come in battle array." Then we have "all 

 the ' Man ' of Pao Hsien (Lifan) ; bevies of Mantze maids 

 at Wei Chow" ; and the many "Man" within the Sze- 

 chwan Borders, and apart from the reference of " Cave Man " 

 M 9, the Caves around Kiating and other places are per- 

 sistently described as "Man Tong " by the ordinary people. 



These notes will do little but suggest difficulties. Some 

 of the names are manifestly only geographical designations 

 and include peoples politically and ethnologically different. 

 Then during the ages it seems as if many of these names be- 

 come opprobrious titles (by change of character and sound) 

 for non-Chinese tribes without regard to the old geographical 

 limits. Again; the use of uncomplimentary epithets seems 

 to change with the age and dynasty. We have seen that 

 terms like Yong «, Yi 3fc, and Man tt give no certain sound; 

 and Ch'iang may not be much more satisfactory. Are they 

 a pure stock? 14 Apart from the old association of the seven 



13 Minya. 



" One of the above accounts from the - T'u Kao" makes the 

 Tibetans pure Chiang ; the second seems to make the Hsienpi T uhf ah 

 also Chiang and the Tibetans an amalgamation with an earlier ^mmg 

 stock in Tibet. And even if the third is correct, the Tibetans will be 

 mainly Chiang. 



