ECONOMIC FACTORS IN EUGENICS 481 



Girls cost three times as much as boys. The girl of twenty years ago was 

 content with one party dress and a "good" hat. Calico dresses made on the 

 family sewing-machine were good enough for ordinary wear. The first cause 

 of the girl's higher cost is naturally clothes. She must dress as the others dress. 

 The second cause is entertainment. The college girls try to outdo one another in 

 costly luncheons. Only families in good circumstances can afford to send their 

 children to college for the full four -year course. The cost of sending the girl 

 to coUege can be figured thus: first year, $1,250; second and third years, $900 

 each; fourth year, $1,000 and $200 extra for traveling during vacations; total, 

 $4,250. The boy's expenses, on the other hand, will be $700 per year with $100 

 for vacations, a total of $2,900. What is the cause of this phase of the high 

 cost of living? The setting of costly standards by the rich, which the poor, the 

 well-to-do and the near-rich try to imitate. 



It is evident that if a family demands these luxurious standards 

 for their children, they can hardly obtain them for more than two 

 children even with five thousand a year. It would seem that "the 

 simple life," which Pastor Wagner came from France to teach us a 

 decade ago, has not yet been entered upon by any of us who have the 

 means to live otherwise. Even the poor avoid simplicity as much as 

 possible, witness the elaborate shirt-waists and "picture-hats" often 

 worn by working-girls and the great sums spent on liquor and cigars 

 by working men. 



So much for the economic factors in the birth rate. Let us now 

 consider the closely related subject of infant mortality. It is now 

 generally agreed that the best single antidote to this national evil is 

 breast-feeding for nine full months, or as long as possible, and that in 

 this respect the poor infant fares better on the average than the well- 

 to-do. In spite of this advantage, however, the infant death rate is 

 much higher among the poor than among the wealthy. Dr. Fischer, of 

 rTew York, for example, found that of 500 very poor women in that 

 city 90 per cent, nursed their children over nine months, while of 500 

 prosperous mothers only 17 per cent, nursed for the same period. When 

 we learn, however, that 154 of these rich infants were supplied with 

 wet-nurses, we see that, after all, 48 per cent, of them were breast-fed. 



German investigations do not show such a striking difference 

 between the percentages nursed by poor and by rich mothers; and the 

 figures quoted by Dr. Fischer are undoubtedly too low for the American 

 middle-class and probably also too high for the average working-class. 

 A doctor, who has delivered 300 women in a country town in California, 

 informs me that only six of them failed to nurse. We must turn to 

 Germany for reliable statistics on nursing in different economic classes. 

 In the city of Barmen (population 150,000) in 1905 the following 

 percentages of infants were being nursed in the four different classes, 

 into which the parents were divided according to income : 



1 II III IV 



Income under $375 $375 to $750 $750 to $1,500 Income over $1,500 



Nursed: 80.9 per cent. 68.7 per cent. 45.2 per cent. 47.3 per cent. 



vol. Lxxxni. — 33. 



