416 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



vious years. The special papers contained 

 in this volume — fruits of the division sur- 

 veys already named — are : " The Rock-Scor- 

 ings of the Great Ice Invasion," by T. C. 

 Chamberlin ; " Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone 

 National Park," by J. P. Iddings ; " Geology 

 of Martha's Vineyard," by Prof. Shaler ; 

 " Classification of the Early Cambrian and 

 Pre-Cambrian Formations," by R. D. Irving ; 

 " Structure of the Triassic Formation of the 

 Connecticut Valley," by W. M. Davis ; " Salt- 

 making Processes in the United States," by 

 T. M. Chatard ; and " Geology of the Head of 

 Chesapeake Bay," by W J McGee. 



Profit - Sharing between Employer and 

 Employee. By Nicholas P. Gilman. 

 Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Pp. 

 460. Price, $1.75. 



The wide extent which labor troubles 

 have reached in the past few years, and the 

 great loss and misery which they have caused, 

 give importance to a scheme which promises 

 to be in any measure a remedy for them. 

 The present volume, which is the only recent 

 work giving a comprehensive account of its 

 subject, is devoted chiefly to a history of 

 profit-sharing. Accounts of experience with 

 the system in business houses of continental 

 Europe occupy three chapters, the first of 

 which is a sketch of " the father of profit- 

 sharing," M. Leclaire, and his house. In 

 the other two chapters the operation of the 

 system in paper-making, typographical in- 

 dustries, cotton and woolen factories, iron, 

 brass, and steel works, insurance, banking, 

 and transportation companies, retail es- 

 tablishments, agriculture, and various other 

 industries is described. A chapter is de- 

 voted to profit-sharing in England, and 

 another to American experience with the 

 system. Cases in which the system has 

 been abandoned are grouped in another 

 chapter, the reasons for abandonment being 

 given in each case. The author has pre- 

 fixed to this history an exposition of the 

 present standing of profit-sharing, a brief 

 introduction, a chapter on product-sharing, 

 which is concerned with the conduct of agri- 

 culture, fisheries, and mining " on shares," 

 and another on such aspects of the wages 

 system as concern his theme. In two con- 

 cluding chapters he gives a summary and 

 analysis of the results which have been so 



far attained, and follows this with a state- 

 ment of the argument for profit - sharing. 

 The essence of his argument is thus stated: 

 "Profit-sharing advances the prosperity of 

 an establishment by increasing the quantity 

 of the product, by improving its quality, by 

 promoting care of implements and economy 

 of materials, and by diminishing labor dif- 

 ficulties and the cost of superintendence." A 

 bibliography of the subject is appended. 



The Complete Works of Rowland G. Haz- 

 ard. Edited by his Granddaughter, Car- 

 oline Hazard. Boston and New York : 

 Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Four Vols. Pp. 

 416, 410, 380, 504. Price, $2 a volume. 



Mr. Hazard was a man engaged busily 

 in manufactures and commerce, who found 

 time to think of questions of political econ- 

 omy and metaphysics, and wrote well and 

 vigorously upon them. While his discus- 

 sions usually went back to fundamental prin- 

 ciples and were rather abstract, those on 

 economical subjects at least were practical 

 enough to be applicable to questions of the 

 day ; and it is mentioned by Prof. G. P. Fisher 

 that in the financial exigencies that arose 

 during the civil war his observations were 

 more than once influential upon the proceed- 

 ings of Secretaries of the Treasury. He was 

 born, of Quaker descent, in 1801, and lived, 

 excepting thirteen years spent in Pennsylva- 

 nia, at Peacedale, in Rhode Island, where 

 he was engaged in the woolen manufacture. 

 For ten consecutive years he traveled in the 

 South, in the interest of his business. In 

 the course of these journeys he took up 

 the cause of Northern colored men who were 

 detained at New Orleans in the chain-gang ; 

 and, having resolved to secure their release, 

 may be said to have bearded the slave-power 

 in its den and fought it victoriously in its 

 own courts. It is illustrative of the condi- 

 tion of American thought and feeling at the 

 time, that it was deemed expedient, when 

 this matter was referred to several years aft- 

 erward, to suppress the name of the chief 

 actor, in order that he might not come too 

 directly under public reproach. But Mr. 

 Hazard regarded the episode as the greatest 

 effort of his life. He died June 24, 1888, 

 carrying his taste for the discussion of ab- 

 struse questions of metaphysics into the last 

 hours of his life. Mr. Hazard's papers, which 

 were first published as public addresses, in 



