THE OLD AND THE NEW PHRENOLOGY. 731 



removed the dog will lose the power of movement," and this 

 reasoning was found in fact to be correct; for when this part, 

 which they named " the motor area," was taken away, the anim'al 

 was found to be paralyzed, while removal of other parts had no 

 such effect. These experiments, since that time repeated in every 

 laboratory of Europe and America, and tried upon various ani- 

 mals, have established the fact that there is in the brain a certain 

 part which directs voluntary movements. 



The second step toward the new phrenology was taken in Eng- 

 land in 1873 by David Ferrier. Reasoning from the fact that our 

 movements are usually the result of some preceding sensation, he 

 concluded that sensation as well as motion must be governed by the 

 brain. If motion is governed by one part, sensation may be received 

 in another part. This reasoning led him to undertake a series of 

 experiments to settle the question. He soon succeeded in showing 

 that sensations, which are received by the various sense organs 

 of our bodies — by the eye, ear, nose, mouth, or by the skin — are all 

 sent inward to the brain, and that each of these organs sends its 

 impressions to a distinct region of the brain ; sensations of light 

 going in one direction, those of sound in another, and so forth. 



The work of Munk, of Berlin, in 1881, confirmed and added to 

 the discoveries of Ferrier, and finally established the conclusion 

 that sensations as well as motion can be located. So that to-day 

 it is possible to lay out a sort of map on the brain of animals, 

 and to say that each of the regions put down on the map has a 

 particular sense with which it is related. On such a map there 

 are here and there empty spaces, such as there are on our geo- 

 graphical maps of Africa — for no one knows what is there. But 

 that, of course, does not invalidate our knowledge of regions which 

 are known, and only shows that further discovery is possible. 

 When we come to see the practical results of these discoveries, 

 the arguments of those who oppose vivisection will cease to inter- 

 est or move us. 



These physiological experiments, however, are only of impor- 

 tance to us in our study of our own mental action, provided they 

 have a bearing upon the working of the brain in man. And this 

 is a question which has only been settled within the past fifteen 

 years. It was admitted, indeed, that in the structure and appear- 

 ance of his brain man resembled quite closely the higher types of 

 gorilla and ape, and yet the apparently impassable barrier between 

 men and animals as regards mental activity prevented any hasty 

 conclusion that these facts could be applied to men. The question 

 whether sensation and motion could be assigned to parts of the 

 brain in the human race was still (ten years ago) an open one. 

 Of course, it is impossible to experiment upon the human brain. 

 But on a little consideration it soon became evident that Nature 



