THE OLD AND THE NEW PHRENOLOGY. 



Ill 



the right hand, and have to be learned by the left brain. The 

 reverse is true of left-handed people. 



At the extreme back is the visual area which receives im- 

 pressions from the eye (Fig. 3, 2 ; Fig. 4, 2). In the lower part of 

 the side the auditory 

 area is situated, where 

 impressions from the 

 ear are received (Fig. 3, 

 3). On the under sur- 

 face and in front of the 

 auditory, the senses of 

 taste and smell are lo- 

 cated (Figs. 3 and 4, 4). 

 Touch, which includes 

 the senses of location 

 and of movement, as 

 well as those of tem- 

 perature and pain, is 

 assigned to the same 

 area as that of motion, 

 but extends a little far- 

 ther back (Figs. 3 and 

 4, 5), and this overlap- 

 ping of the two is not 

 strange when we consider that our motions are guided by touch ; 

 think how differently you lift a heavy lamp or a fine bit of cotton- 

 wool, and you will see how your grasp is guided by touch. These 



are the areas which 

 are thus far discov- 

 ered, but our knowl- 

 edge of the brain is by 

 no means complete, 

 for there are large re- 

 gions, on this African 

 map, of undiscovered 

 country. Fortunately, 

 several Stanleys are 

 on the way. 



Let us now, accept- 



Fig. 4.— The Median Surface of the Right Half of the ing this theory of the 

 Brain, showing Functional Areas. t , . . . . „ 



localization of func- 

 tions in the brain, go on to see how much it reveals to us regard- 

 ing the process of thinking. 



Although a part of our thinking is done by the aid of lan- 

 guage, the greater part of it is carried on without the conscious- 

 ness of actual words. Mental images are constantly passing 

 vol. xxxv. — 47 



Fig. 3. — The Functional Areas on the Brain Surface. 

 The parallel lines show the situation of different areas : 1, 

 area of motion; 2, area of sight; 3, area of hearing; 4, area 

 of smell and taste ; 5, area of touch. 



