

THE OLD AND THE NEW PHRENOLOGY. 747 



each through its own particular channel of sensation, and are 

 stored up in the brain, each in its particular part of the brain. 



Memory is the revival in consciousness of these various mem- 

 ory-pictures. 



Imagination is the combination of old pictures into a new 

 image. 



Reasoning is the passage of thought from one picture to 

 another, along established lines. 



Action is the carrying out of the impulse to whose memory 

 reason has led up. 



These are some of the mental faculties, and it is at once evi- 

 dent that they are not distinct entities, like the mental image, but 

 rather powers of the mind to deal with these images ; and, there- 

 fore, the faculties can not be said to have any particular seat, 

 and can never be located in an area of the brain. Imagination 

 and reasoning power are therefore not to be assigned to bumps on 

 the head,, as the old phrenology taught. And even when we speak 

 of memory we distinguish it broadly from the memory-pictures, 

 which do have a location, but one that is wholly different from 

 that taught by Gall. Here, again, we see how far removed from 

 the old phrenology the new phrenology is, and how much more 

 exact in its knowledge. If proofs of these facts are demanded, 

 they are to be found in the study of diseases of memory, as de- 

 scribed in Ribot's entertaining little volume. But one or two 

 statements may be made, very briefly, in closing, which must 

 carry conviction to the most skeptical mind. 



The reason why it is now accepted that each sense with its 

 memory -pictures has a definite location in the brain distinct from 

 all others, is that it is possible for one sense or one set of memory- 

 pictures to be lost without affecting the others. There are men in 

 apparently perfect health who have suddenly lost all their sight- 

 memory, so that they no longer recognize people or things formerly 

 familiar. One such man did not even know his wife until she spoke 

 to him, when he at once knew her voice. There are men who 

 have in the course of a few moments been deprived of their mem- 

 ory of language, and who, although they could talk and even 

 write, were as incapable of understanding what was said to them 

 or of understanding what they saw on a printed page as one would 

 be of spoken or written Chinese. There are others still who have 

 lost their artistic or musical powers, but in other respects are per- 

 fectly sound, so fliat instead of being able to sketch from memory 

 as formerly they are unable to call up to mind a single memory- 

 picture ; and instead of being able to follow or recollect a melody 

 or appreciate the harmonies of music, they are totally deprived of 

 this pleasure, and this without any blindness or deafness except- 

 ing of the mind. 



