INDUSTRIAL FAMILY RAMUS. 813 



by the Woader or Woadman, while there is some indication of 

 another material in the names Madder, Madderer, and Madder- 

 man occurring in the Hundred Rolls. The Fullers, Fullertons, 

 Fullersons, and Fullmans undertook the process of whitening the 

 cloth, if it was to be white, in which they were assisted by the 

 Walkers, who trod it with their feet, accompanied by the Beaters, 

 Beatermans, Bates, Batts, and Battmans, who used sticks instead 

 of heels and toes. 



The designation of the process is seen to give a name to all en- 

 gaged in a special work, just as at present, and further to be adopted 

 as a family name by some who perhaps attained notable excellence 

 over their fellows, or were led by chance or caprice to adopt the 

 title of their calling as their own surname. The list might be 

 indefinitely extended. Tuck and Tucker, Sticher, Seamer, Sower, 

 Braider, Wash and Washer, Lavender and Launder, terms for- 

 merly designating the cleansing of linen, are illustrations to the 

 point, and many others can easily be gathered by any one having 

 the time and patience for such research. 



Particular articles of apparel, either in the course of manufact- 

 ure, or completed and in use, have left their imprint in several 

 family names. The hat gave us the Hatts and Hattars; also, 

 according to Taylor, the Blocks, Blockets, Blockers, and Block- 

 mans, the last four taking their names from the wooden instru- 

 ment on which the hats were shaped. Caps gave us the Cappers 

 and the Capers ; smocks, a loose, shirt-like outer garment worn 

 by peasants and workingmen, the Smockers and Smookers ; the 

 pilch, a fur cloak, the Pilchers, Pulchers, and Pitchers. The 

 manufacture of belts gave a name to the Girdles, Girdlers, and 

 Girdleys, while the wearing of laces originated Lacer, Lacy, 

 Pointer, and Poynter. The use of furs originated the Pelters and 

 the Furriers. The cowl, as an appendage to a great-coat, was much 

 in use when family names were growing, hence Cowler, Cowley, 

 Cowlet, and the like ; while another name for the same article origi- 

 nated the Hoods and the Hoodmans. Fastening the clothing with 

 buttons originated the Buttons and Buttoners ; with buckles, the 

 Buckles and Bucklars ; while the use of pins, at first of great size, 

 gave names to Pinners, Pinnets, and Pinneys ; and the manufac- 

 ture of a small bag for the safe keeping of money was the origi- 

 nal employment of our Pursers, Bursars, and Pouchers. A call 

 for precious stones was answered by the Jewells, Agates, Rubys, 

 and perhaps Crystalls, and the necessity for light in the houses 

 and streets was met by the Candlers, Lampers, Lighters, Links, 

 Linkers, and Torchers. 



Mention of the last classes suggests the nature of the service 

 they rendered to our belated ancestors in the unlighted, muddy, 

 and otherwise dangerous streets of mediaeval London, and this 



