FACIAL ANGLE. 591 



structures, that the whole change is wrought from a complete domi- 

 nant power of the physical over the mental, to the reverse, viz., an 

 entire dominant ascension, in some instances, of the moral and intel- 

 lectual over the physical. In every vertebrate animal, then, there are 

 two factors, t?ie physical and mental ; the facial angle is the typical 

 expression or exponent of the relative strength or condition of each. 



It may be observed that, with the ascension of these animals, the 

 relative size of the brain-case, or skull, increases with a proportion- 

 ate diminution of the bones of the face, and of the projection of the 

 jaws in front of the orbits. 



In the cold-blooded fish, the serpent, and the crocodile, the cavity 

 for the brain is small, but little more than a prolongation of the canal 

 for the spinal cord, with a disproportionate development of the organs 

 of mastication, thus enabling them to execute the strongest instinct 

 of the lower animals, namely, to slay and devour. In the bird class, 

 the brain is somewhat larger, but is contained in the posterior part 

 of the cranium, they manifesting but a slight mental superiority over 

 the reptile. In the dog, over whom man is lord, and the noble horse, 

 the brain is much larger ; the facial line intersects at about a right 

 angle with the base line, or vertebral axis. In these animals we begin 

 to discover the rudiments of some of those more noble motives which 

 are so abundantly lavished upon some of the higher animals. 



The monkey and the anthropoid, or man-like apes, express in a 

 very characteristic manner many of the mental attributes of the lower 

 varieties of the human species. Nor is this to be wondered at, when 

 we consider the close anatomical relation which subsists between the 

 two, and the enormous development of the cerebral hemispheres as 

 compared with the lower classes of the same type. 



The profile of the idiot is the next introduced in the cut, to illus- 

 trate the influence upon the size and shape of the cranium, or skull, 

 that an arrest of brain-development has wrought, and which corre- 

 sponds to the mental manifestations of its subject. 



The other three profile views represent the savage, the half-civil- 

 ized, and the cultivated races of man. The first of the three, the one 

 next to the view of the idiot, is a drawing from a correct engraving 

 of the celebrated North American Indian chief Black Hawk, and cor- 

 responds in brain capacity, facial angle, and mental powers, very 

 nearly to the other savage races, viz., the Malayan and Ethiopian. 

 The next that is represented in the cut is the half-civilized Mongolian 

 race, illustrating very nicely the ratio of the two factors, physical and 

 mental. The last is a representation of the highly-cultivated Cauca- 

 sian race, and is a correct profile view of one of the most illustrious 

 statesmen that this or any other nation ever possessed — that of Daniel 

 Webster. 



In the lowest of the type, the fish, we find the brain least devel- 

 oped, and the cerebral hemispheres, or instrument of thought, bearing 



