48 china's petrified sun-rays 



per ton and may even have been as low as $1.00 per ton. 

 Near to a line drawn from Huchow, a city 90 miles from 

 Shanghai just S.W. of theTaiHu, almost due west to Tat' ung 

 on the Yangtze (250 miles from Shanghai by air line or about 

 320 miles by the river), there is a whole series of mines, of 

 which the following are actually known : — 



Li Shan ] 



Wu Tung Shan >near Ch'ang Hsing 



Nan Kao and Wu Shan ) 



Hsiao Niu Tou Shan near Kuangte Chow 



Shui Chang | near ghui T 



Ta Wang Tsun ) 



Chiu Li j 



Ku Lou Pu I ~, . TT . 



Yao Tou Ling ( >near Chin S Hsien 



Kao Tsun J 



Pei Ma Shan near Lu Kiang 



The western part of this country is rather mountainous, 

 but none of the mines are very many miles from a river 

 navigable by cargo 1 boats. $5.00 will certainly transport one 

 ton twenty miles over land or one hundred miles by water. 

 Still more important is the cost of landing and unlanding and 

 this especially should be tackled. 



At the present time owing to the smallness of the pro- 

 duction, the output of these mines is entirely used locally for 

 heating, lime burning, etc. 



In addition to these mines, there is coal in the Nanking 

 hills between Nanking and Chinkiang, particularly at Lung 

 Tan and Chi-Hsia Shan (Lone Tree Hill). The quality and 

 quantity are doubtless small, but it is very improbable that 

 these places are quite worthless. The writer is partially 

 indebted to Mr. V. K. Ting, the Government's geologist, and 

 also to' Mr. Behrents for information as to some of these 

 mines. Mr. Ting, the Director of the Government Geological 

 Survey, has recently made a report for the Conservancy Board 

 which shows the geology of many of these mines. 



The work of Pumpelly, David, Eichthofen, Willis and 

 Blackwelder, Andersson and Ting have made the general 

 geology of China fairly clear. Speaking very roughly, it may 

 be said that the whole of China proper and Southern Man- 

 churia shows a tendency to parallel folding in a S.W. — N.E. 

 direction intersected (especially in the West) by a W.N.W. — 

 E.S.E. series of folds. As a result of this folding and sub- 

 sequent erosion, the strata recur periodically and the carboni- 

 ferous strata occur in a series of synclines or troughs exposed 

 by erosion almost all over the country. There is probably a 

 larger proportion of outcrop of the carboniferous series of 



