SHANGHAI SETTLEMENTS 87 



aforesaid mission buildings constituted the bulk of Hongkew 

 foreign property. It is no wonder, therefore, that the place 

 became the Wapping of Shanghai, or as Mr. Morse calls it, 

 "the Cinderella of the Settlements." In 1863 it was taken 

 over by the International Settlement, and for the first time 

 was then delimited. 



Woosung is our nearest approach to a Voluntary Settle- 

 ment, but Yochow, Santuao, and Changsha are other ex- 

 amples. In such places, as Dr. Tyau says, "the control of 

 municipal administration and police remains vested in the 

 local authorities." 



We now turn to Concessions, and that brings us back 

 to Shanghai. There is no difficulty with regard to conces- 

 sions granted since the treaty of 1858. In that document 

 they were duly provided for, and once more we quote from 

 Dr. Tyau. He says that a concession is "a piece of ground 

 conveyed by deed of grant in perpetuity to a lessee state 

 for the residence of its nationals, the same to be administered 

 by it, 'saving the sovereign rights of the Emperor of 

 China.' Before the recent war, Tientsin alone had as 

 many as thirteen of these. At one time the United States 

 had one there, but abandoned it, and in 1902, the area was 

 added to that of the British concession. Yet as late as 1867 

 there was published a map of Shanghai showing the French, 

 British and American "Concessions." 



When in 1849 the French Ground here was set apart, 

 it was on practically the same terms as those on which Great 

 .Britain first secured her grant. Other nationals purchased 

 plots of ground within it, and until 1862 one Council served 

 for all the foreigners in Shanghai. After that, France with- 

 drew in order to set up her own administration, but certain 

 rights previously secured by other nationals were maintained. 

 From the first, however, as Mr. Morse points out, France 

 had called her quarter, the "Concession Francaise" and not 

 the "Etablissement Francaise." 



One of the tokens by which we judge that the first 

 British grant might have been claimed as a concession is 

 that provided by the policy of securing the settlement area 

 for foreigners alone. There was no expulsion of natives but 

 there was exclusion. Certain native holders of land within 

 the area continued to hold it, but no new native buildings 

 were permitted, and then happened an incident similar to* 

 what has been known elsewhere. In 1857 India was reported 

 as particularly quiet and restful. Before the same month 

 w T as ended, she was ablaze with the Mutiny. In 1870, there 

 was a change of Foreign Ministers in London. Lord 

 Clarendon died on the 26th June, and was succeeded by 



