204- NOTES AND QUERIES 



his interpretation of the phrase in saying that the name does not 

 refer to landscape, but to buildings in a landscape." The following 

 quotation from the !JU *f£ 1%L Jfc (see § 796 of "Painting") seems to 

 settle the question in my favour. Refering to a scroll by Wang Meng, 

 which had some verses on it, we read, ^ ft ih f^ ^ H E3 f^ ® 

 #S£3£#®£Mg — tUf^T, etc. "This picture contains only 

 three or four scattered trunks of trees, with boundary-lines on all 

 four sides. The first stanza of poetry outside the boundary begins, 

 etc." Here we evidently have a landscape and no buildings; and we 

 further learn that boundary-lines are not confined to the sides, but may 

 also appear to the top and bottom of pictures, as for instance in the 

 narrow vertical landscapes of which the Chinese are so fond. The 

 mistake in regard to buildings must have originated, I imagine, from 

 a misapprehension of the definition of ^f ; namely, J^L ff| J|| ^ 

 which does not mean that chieh hua are pictures of buildings, but 

 pictures like buildings, which are bounded on four sides before the 

 artist begins to use the brush. Messrs. Ferguson and Morgan do not 

 give any authority for their view beyond emphatic assertion. 



Dr. Ferguson's reply to this is: 



"The quotation given by Dr. Giles from the T'u Shu Chi Ch'eng 

 is correctly translated by him but unfortunately for his argument, 

 it has no relation to the interpretation of the technical term, chieh hua. 

 The quotation refers to the boundary-lines or border surrounding a 

 picture, and could be used in reference to any style of painting to 

 which an artist might choose to add a border on all four sides. The 

 collocation of chieh with hua in the quotation leaves the phrase to be 

 explained according to the usual meaning of the words and Dr. Giles 

 shows this clearly in his translation. It is a different matter, however, 

 when chieh hua is used in the technical sense of a division or class of 

 paintings. In the Hsiian Ho hua ftu one division refers to "palaces 

 and buildings," hung shih, and in later works this class of paintings 

 is called chieh hua.. The Glossary — T'zu Yuan, published by the Com- 

 mercial Press, explains chieh hua as follows : ^?- fg It ^ f£ ^T l! HI 



m^jTEfi ?rm*n& ^fi^it mm^i^mn^^-A^ 



'Artists in their paintings of palaces and buildings, as well as of city 

 towers, used measuring rules in making straight lines. Such work is 

 called chieh hua. T'ang Hou, of the Yuan dynasty, divided paintings 

 into thirteen classes of which landscape was the first and measured 

 pictures, chieh hua, were the last. Measured painting is most difficult. 

 From the time of the T'ang and Five dynasties, Kuo Chung-shu was 

 the only master of it.' This statement of the Glossary is based upon 



