THE CEREMONIAL USE OF TOBACCO. 173 



animals, its effects are in increasing degrees involved with those 

 produced by inheritance of acquired characters ; until, in animals 

 of complex structures, inheritance of acquired characters becomes 

 an important, if not the chief, cause of evolution. We have seen 

 that natural selection can not work any changes in organisms 

 save such as conduce in considerable degrees, directly or indi- 

 rectly, to the multiplication of the stirp; whence failure to ac- 

 count for various changes ascribed to it. And we have seen that 

 it yields no explanation of the co-adaptation of co-operative parts, 

 even when the co-operation is relatively simple, and still less 

 when it is complex. On the other hand, we see that if, along 

 with the transmission of generic and specific structures, there 

 tend to be transmitted modifications arising in a certain way, 

 there is a strong a priori probability that there tend to be trans- 

 mitted modifications arising in all ways. We have a number of 

 facts confirming this inference, and showing that acquired char- 

 acters are inherited — as large a number as can be expected, con- 

 sidering the difficulty of observing them and the absence of 

 search. And then to these facts may be added the facts with 

 which this essay set out, concerning the distribution of tactual 

 discriminativeness. While we saw that these are inexplicable by 

 survival of the fittest, we saw that they are clearly explicable as 

 resulting from the inheritance of acquired characters. And here 

 let it be added that this conclusion is conspicuously warranted 

 by one of the methods of inductive logic, known as the method 

 of concomitant variations. For throughout the whole series of 

 gradations in perceptive power, we saw that the amount of the 

 effect is proportionate to the amount of the alleged cause. — Con- 

 temporary Review. 



THE CEREMONIAL USE OF TOBACCO. 



By JOHN HAWKINS. 



COMPARING the stone age of the New World with that of the 

 Old, an important point of difference comes at once into 

 view. The American race is distinguished in culture from all 

 other savages by the possession and use of an implement to which 

 nothing analogous is found among the prehistoric relics of the 

 Eastern hemisphere. That implement is the tobacco pipe. 



Among the aborigines of America the use of tobacco was 

 widely prevalent. The practice of cigar-smoking was observed 

 by the companions of Columbus on his first voyage ; and in the 

 brilliant series of discoveries which followed the great admiral's 

 achievement, as well as in the slower process of exploration and 

 colonization, the pipe, the cigar, and the snuff mortar revealed 



