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Whittemore, Henry. The Past and Present of 

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Whitman, C. O., and Allis, E. P., Editors. 

 Journal of Morphology. Boston : Ginn & Co. 

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Wilson, Andrew. Science Stories. London: 

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Winchell, N. H. Geological and Natural His- 

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Wolff, A. R. Heating of Large Buildings. Pp. 

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Yale University. Graduate Instruction, 1893- 

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POPULAR MISCELLANY. 



Copper in the United States. — Each of 

 the main geographical subdivisions of the 

 United States, according to Mr. James Doug- 

 las, possesses a distinct group of copper de- 

 posits. The Appalachian chain of mountains 

 carries throughout its entire extent, from far 

 beyond the northern limits of the United 

 States to near the Gulf of Mexico, copper, 

 which is chiefly but not exclusively con- 

 tained in masses of iron pyrites imbedded in 

 crystalline slates. Copper mines were worked 

 before the Revolution in Connecticut, New 

 Jersey, and Pennsylvania. More recently 

 mines have been worked in nearly all the 

 Eastern, Middle, and Southern States from 

 Maine to Alabama, but most extensively in 

 Vermont and Tennessee. From the great 

 trough between the Appalachian and Rocky 

 Mountain chains, drained by the Great Lakes 

 and the Mississippi, but little copper has 

 been extracted except from the State of 

 Michigan. There have been small workings 

 in other places, but not important. The 

 copper-bearing beds of the Keweenaw series 

 in Michigan, extending, but not in profitable 

 veins, into Wisconsin and Minnesota, consist 

 of beds of trap, sandstone, and conglomerate 

 of doubtful age. Everywhere in Michigan 

 the copper of this series exists exclusively in 

 the metallic state. Three classes of deposits 

 are worked in the Keweenaw promontory : 

 the veins that yielded those extraordinary 

 masses, stray blocks of which were reverenced 

 by the Indians, which attracted the attention 

 of the Jesuit fathers, and which have appealed 



to the popular fancy ; copper beds of amyg- 

 daloid diabase, locally called ash beds, and 

 amygdaloid traps ; and beds of conglomerate, 

 of which the cementing material consists in 

 part of copper. There are sulphureted ores 

 of copper in Michigan and Wisconsin outside 

 of the Keweenaw series, but mines of notable 

 productiveness have not been opened on any 

 of them. The Rocky Mountain mines may be 

 subdivided into two groups — those of south- 

 ern Arizona and those of northern Montana. 

 With insignificant exceptions, all Arizona 

 copper comes from three groups of deposits : 

 those near Clifton, at Bisbee, and near Globe. 

 The ores heretofore yielded by these mines 

 have been naturally oxidized, and with the 

 elimination of the sulphur have been purified 

 from certain other obnoxious elements which 

 are commonly associated with sulphur. The 

 Butte mines in Montana came into produc- 

 tive existence almost simultaneously with the 

 mines of Arizona ; but, instead of maintain- 

 ing an almost stationary production, their 

 record has shown an extraordinary augmen- 

 tation of yield from year to year. Outside of 

 Butte, no district promises in the near future 

 to be largely productive. Promising indica- 

 tions of copper wealth exist in the Seven 

 Devils' district in Idaho, but they have not 

 been exploited. Nevada, Utah, and Wyo- 

 ming have all yielded more or less copper, and 

 all contain ores which under more favorable 

 circumstances than now exist will be utilized. 

 Colorado stands in the list as a producing 

 State of growing importance. New Mexico 

 does not produce much. On the Pacific 

 coast, California alone has been notable in 

 production. 



Coal-tar Perfnmes. — The revolution 

 which chemistry has brought about in the 

 manufacture of colors is now becoming 

 apparent in the perfumery industry. As 

 vegetable colors are being gradually replaced 

 by the colors derived from coal tar, so artifi- 

 cial perfumes are gradually taking the place 

 of the natural ones ; and these derivatives 

 from coal tar promise to give the best results 

 in the future. Artificial perfumes are ob- 

 tained by means of the ethers, liquids re- 

 markable for their characteristic odors ; by 

 suitably composed mixtures by which imita- 

 tions are obtained of the perfumes of fruits 

 and of the principal alcoholic drinks ; and 



