82 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



Deducting this number from the census increase, there remains an in- 

 crease of only 18 per cent, for the native population. 



The figures for England and Wales, a stable country with little 

 immigration, shows even more clearly the abnormal increase of popu- 

 lation after 1750. During the 270 years from 1480 to 1750 the popu- 

 lation of England and Wales increased from 3,700,000 to 6,500,000, 

 an increase of 2,800,000, or 75 per cent. During the next thirty years, 

 however, from 1750 to 1780, the increase was 3,000,000 or 50 per cent. 

 — an increase for 30 years nearly equal to the entire increase for the 

 previous 270 years. 



During the century from 1750 to 1850 the increase was from 

 6,500,000 to 17,600,000, an increase of 11,100,000 or 170 per cent. In 

 the 270 years preceding 1750 the population of England and Wales in- 

 creased 2,800,000, or 75 per cent. ; in the 100 years following 1750 the 

 population increased 11,100,000, or 170 per cent. The years succeed- 

 ing 1750 witnessed a remarkable increase in population, an increase 

 considerably below the rate of 1800 for the United States, but far 

 above the rate of England for the three preceding centuries. 



The chief influence in restricting the population prior to 1750 was 

 undoubtedly exerted by the enormous death rate, for prior to that 

 period, war, pestilence and famine played havoc with population. It 

 is estimated that from 1618 to 1648 wars cost Germany 6,000,000 

 lives. The black plague in 1348-49 swept away half of the population 

 of England. The ravages of plague may be imagined by the following 

 death rates for England in plague years. 



Deaths per 1,000 

 Population 



1593 240 



1625 310 



1636 130 



1665 430 



When it is remembered that modern science has reduced the death 

 rate in some of the great cities to 15 per thousand, the significance of 

 a death rate of 430 can be imagined. Famine played a less important 

 part in curtailing population than either war or pestilence, but it oc- 

 casionally became significant. 



Any appreciable increase of population before the middle of the 

 eighteenth century was, therefore, prevented by the high death rate, 

 and any increase at all could be brought about only by maintaining a 

 birth rate higher than the phenomenally high death rate. Necessity 

 being then, as now, a kind of stepmother to invention, every device 

 was resorted to for stimulating a higher birth rate. The injunction to 

 "be fruitful and multiply" was accepted as a part of their religious 

 belief and blindly followed by a great portion of the population. 

 Statesmen looked upon prolificness as of near kin to patriotism. 



While efforts were being made and effectively made to stimulate the 

 birth rate, equally effective efforts were being directed to the reduction 



