40 T. Holm — Studies in the Gyperacew. 



features of the extreme forms, the simpler with the higher 

 developed, we cannot avoid noticing that they occasionally 

 unite in some characters, which may be understood as exhibit- 

 ing their descent through modifications from a common, or 

 fundamental type. We may in this manner take Phyllostackys 

 of Torrey to be a lesser developed form of Hymenochlcence, 

 and these species " sensn strictiori " do represent several analo- 

 gies in habit and structure. But we have, also, demonstrated 

 in the preceding, that 0. JBackii, G. Willdenowii and C\ 

 Steudelii show characters that are, also, common to Vigneastra, 

 which, however, does not necessarily indicate anything more 

 than this section possesses characters that may be compared 

 with those of the " Carices genuince." Vigneastra, as far as 

 these peculiar species are understood, represent some certain 

 transition between Vignea and Eucarex. And if it were not 

 for the structure of utriculus and the three stigmata in 0. 

 Willdenowii, we might have had just as good reason for plac- 

 ing this among the Vignece as a highly developed type, com- 

 bining these with Vigneastra of Tnckermann. And in regard 

 to the systematic position of Vigneastra, if this is to be retained 

 as a subgenus, it may be most naturally placed between Vignea 

 and Eucarex, as suggested by Rev. G. Kiikenthal, instead of 

 as a section between MicrorhynchcB and Hymenochlcmaz as 

 proposed by Professor Bailey. In returning to our Phyllo- 

 stackys, the species by which it is represented in accordance 

 with Torrey, may seem naturally to be referred to the Hymeno- 

 chlcence, but as extreme and poorly developed forms ; they may 

 occupy a position almost as far from the central types : C 

 sylvatica Huds. and G. cherokeensis Schw. as G. nepalensis 

 Sprgl. and G. longi/pes Don : 



Hymenochlmnai. 



I. Spicis androgynis, apice masculis, paucifloris. ( C. Willde- 

 nowii, C. Steudelii et C. Backii.) 

 II. Spicis simplicibus sexu distincto plus minus densifloris. ( C. 

 sylvatica Huds., G. cherokeensis Schw. cet.) 

 III. Spicis androgynis, apice masculis, plus minus densifloris. 

 (6 T . nepalensis Sprgl., G. longipes Don). 



In the preceding pages we have attempted to demonstrate 

 the systematic position of these species, formerly constituting 

 the genus Phyllostackys Torr. ; we shall, now, briefly discuss 

 the internal structure of these in order to demonstrate the 

 differences between them and C. Geyeri, C. cedipostyla and 

 G. multicaulis. On the other hand, we freely admit, that 

 divergencies in anatomical structure may not necessarily indi- 

 cate distant relationship, especially not if we adopt the classifi- 



