T. Holm — Studies in the Cyperacem. 275 



might be connected as "lesser" or "higher" developed types; 

 on the contrary, it seems as if we in the Frigidm themselves 

 might trace some of their earlier types represented by, for 

 instance, 61 lejocarpa, that we might count 61 se?npervirens 

 and Gfrigida among their central forms, while 61 misandra 

 may be looked upon as a "forma desciscens" yet possessing 

 the most essential characters of the section. 



While thus fully recognizing the maintenance of these 

 species as representing a section of their own, we should prefer 

 not to adopt "Frigidm" as the sectional name but one in 

 Greek which, moreover, would be in stricter conformity with 

 those suggested by Drejer for the other sections. And when 

 we suggest " Stenocarpm" as a more proper name, this refers 

 not only to the characteristic shape of their utriculus, but also 

 to one of the central forms, "Carex stenocarpa' 1 '' of Turczani- 

 now, the Asiatic homologue of 61 semper vir ens. The princi- 

 pal characteristics of the section, drawn from the central forms, 

 are as follows : 



Varices stenocarpw. 



Terminal spike staminate ; lateral ones pistillate, distant, 

 peduncled, erect or finally drooping. Bracts distinctly sheath- 

 ing, mostly filiform, short. Utricle membranaceous, glabrous 

 or a little scabrous above, narrowly attenuated at both ends ; 

 orifice of beak bidentate with erect teeth or obliquely cut, 

 often hyaline; stigmas 3, achenium trigonous. Boreal or 

 alpine species with mostly dark-colored spikes. The lesser 

 developed, monostachyous types (O. lejocarpa and G. circin- 

 ata) remind of certain Vignew, the central of Spirostachym / 

 at the limits of the section are types (61 misandra, 61 

 brachystachys) with androgynous or gynaecandrous terminal 

 spikes, which remind of certain Melananthm (C. atrata, G 

 Mertensii). 



Among the species which represent this section may be 

 enumerated : 



Hebetates \ % le J ocar P a % A - Mey. 

 ( V. circinata, (J, A. mey. 



f CI sempervirens Vill. 

 J V.frigida All. 



Centrales \ % ff™ffinea Scop. 



) V. ablata Bail. 

 j V.finna Host. 

 (^ C. hispidula Gaud. 



Desciscentes \ C ' ^/c/^acAys Schrank. 

 { V. misandra K. Br. 



To these may possibly be added some others, of which we 

 have seen no specimens, but judging from the diagnoses and 



