Geology. 153 



'pecies here considered as identical, and future studies will surely 

 show many more identical species as well as many which are 

 closely allied. These relationships are so close, in fact, that the 

 name Montanan might perhaps be extended to embrace the fau- 

 nas and their including sediments." 



The fauna of the three youngest Cretaceous formations, num- 

 bering about 150 species, has its typical development in New 

 Jersey. "Its most conspicuous faunule is the one characterized 

 by Terebratula harlani, but south of Maryland this fauna has not 

 been recognized . . . This higher fauna may therefore be desig- 

 nated as the Jerseyian." Its chief elements are Foraminifera (46 

 species), Brachiopoda (5), Bryozoa (54, described by Ulrich and 

 Bassler), Echinoids (15), and no ammonites. "These beds or 

 their equivalents seem to be absent in the Gulf-border region 

 south of Maryland, in fact, no faunas related to the Jerseyian 

 fauna being recognized elsewhere in North America." 



" A comparison of the extensive bryozoan fauna of the Vincen- 

 town limesand with similar bryozoan faunas of typical Maestricht 

 beds shows a remarkably close relationship. The genera are 

 largely the same and many of the species also are either identical 

 or closely allied in the two faunas." c. s. 



4. Die Gastropoden des Karnischen Unterdevon ; von Dr. 

 Albrecht Spitz. Beitr. z. Pal. u. Geol. Osterreich-Ungarns, xx. 

 1907, pp. 115-190, pis. xi-xvi. — This careful and detailed work 

 describes the Lower Devonian gastropods of the central Carnic 

 Alps. There are 112 species, of which 59 are new. Recent gen- 

 eric work on Paleozoic gastropods has progressed so rapidly that 

 but few Americans appreciate the many new names now in use. 

 In this work there are defined but two new genera, Zonidiscus 

 and Cunearia (a six-sided Conularia), but the number of genera 

 and subgenera introduced are thirty-four. 



In the Carnic Alps overlying the higher marine Silurian (prob- 

 ably equivalent to the Bohemian E2), a series of black and light- 

 colored limestones occurs that, in physical character and faunal 

 content, are closely correlated with the Lower Devonian of Bohe- 

 mia, usually referred to as Fl and F2. For many years there 

 has been a discussion as to whether the black limestone, Fl, is a 

 distinct horizon or is a facial equivalent of the light-colored and 

 often highly crystalline reef limestone, F2. The problem seem- 

 ingly cannot be adjusted in Bohemia, as there is no known super- 

 position of these limestones. In the Carnic Alps, however, the 

 two types of limestone are superposed, and here bear, as in 

 Bohemia, their very distinctive faunas. In the black limestone 

 there are 40 species of gastropods and of these 25 pass into the 

 white limestones. The former are characterized by vast quan- 

 tities of Hercynella (4 species) and euomphaloids and by the 

 complete absence of capulids (25 species), as Strophystulus, 

 Platyceras and Orthonychia. ' In the white limestones there are 

 97 species, of which 72 are restricted. While but few identi- 

 cal forms occur (9) between Bohemia and the Carnic Alps, yet 



