i?. S. Lull — Evolution of the Elephant. 183 



took it, the creature having burst a blood vessel in its frantic 

 efforts to extricate itself. Much of the hair had been destroyed 

 when the animal was dug out of the cliff, but the collector, M. 

 O. F. Herz, has preserved a very accurate record of texture 

 and color of the hair on different parts of the body. This 

 consists of a wooly undercoat, yellowish-brown in color, and an 

 outer bristly coat, varying from fawn to dark brown and black. 

 The hair on the chin and breast must have been at least half a 

 yard in length and it was also long on the shoulders; that of 

 the back, however, was not preserved. 



This interesting relic is mounted in the St. Petersburg 

 museum, the skin in the attitude in which it was found, while 

 the skeleton is in walking posture beside it. 



Immense quantities of fossil ivory have been exported from 

 Siberia, there having been sold in the London market as many 

 as 1,635 mammoth tusks in a single year, averaging 150 pounds 

 in weight; of these but 14 per cent were of the best quality, 

 17 per cent inferior, while more than half were useless com- 

 mercially. The total number of mammoths represented by 

 the output of fossil ivory since the conquest of Siberia is not 

 far from 40,000, not, of course, a single herd, but the accumu- 

 lations of thousands of years. The oyster trawlers from the 

 single village of Hap pis burg dredged from the Dogger Banks 

 off the coast of Norfolk, England, 2,000 molar teeth, besides 

 tusks and other mammoth remains, between the years 1820 and 

 1833. This indicates not only the great profusion of the mam- 

 moths of the Pleistocene, but the existence of comparatively 

 recent land connection between England and the continent. 



Direct evidences of the association of man and the mammoth 

 are plentiful in Europe but strangely enough absolutely 

 wanting in North America, although we have every reason to 

 believe that such an association existed in the New World as 

 well as in the Old. In Europe not only have the bones of 

 man and the mammoth been found intermingled in a way that 

 implied strict contemporaneity, but still more striking evidence 

 is shown in the works of prehistoric artists. The fidelity with 

 which the mammoth is drawn indicates that the artist must 

 have seen the animal alive. 



One of the most notable of these relics is an engraving of 

 a charging mammoth drawn upon a fragment of mammoth 

 tusk found in a cave dwelling at La Madeline in southern 

 France. In the Grotte des Combarelles (Dordogne), France, 

 there are in addition to some forty drawings of the horse at 

 least fourteen of the mammoth. These are mural paintings or 

 engravings, the former being executed in a black pigment and 

 some kind of a red ochre, while the latter are scratched or 

 deeply incised, sometimes embellished with a dark coloring 



