H. S. Lull — Evolution of the Elephant. 185 



matter (oxide of manganese). It is especially interesting to 

 note that the people of that day were not only sufficiently 

 advanced to have artists of a very high order, but that they also 

 had begun to domesticate the horse, if one may judge from the 

 indications of harness on some of the equine figures. The 

 horse is a most potent factor in the civilization of mankind. 



In the caverns of Fond de Gaume in southern France there 

 are at least eighty pictures, largely those of reindeer but includ- 

 ing two of the mammoth. The actual association of man and 

 the mammoth in America has not been proven. In Afton, 

 Oklahoma, is a sulphur spring from which have been brought 



Fig. 10. Charging Mammoth ; after Lubbock. 



to light remains of the mammoth (Elejplias primigenius) 

 and mastodon ( Mammut americanurn) and numerous other 

 animal remains, such as the bison and prehistoric horses. In 

 the spring there were also found numerous implements of flint, 

 mainly arrowheads. This naturally was first interpreted as an 

 instance of actual association of mankind and the ele}3hants, 

 but careful investigation proved that the elephant remains far 

 antedated the human relics, and that the latter Avere votive 

 offerings cast into the spring by recent Indians as a sacrifice to 

 the spirit occupant, the bones being venerated as those of their 

 ancestors (Holmes). Another instance, not of the association 

 of the mammoth with mankind, but of the mastodon, is prob- 

 ably authentic. This was in Attica, New York, and is reported 

 by Professor J. M. Clarke. Four feet below the surface of 

 the ground in a black muck he found the bones of the masto- 

 don, and twelve inches below this, in undisturbed clay, pieces 

 of pottery and thirty fragments of charcoal (Wright). The 

 remains of the mastodons and mammoths are very abundant 

 in places, the Oklahoma spring already mentioned producing 

 100 mastodon and 20 mammoth teeth, while the famous Big 

 Bone Lick in Kentucky has produced the remains of an equal 

 number of fossil mastodons and elephants. 



Am. Jour. Sci.— Fourth Series, Vol. XXV, No. 147.— March, 1908. 

 13 



