R. 8. Lull — Evolution of the Elephant. 195 



cement to bind the crests together and the elephant tooth is 

 formed. 



Stegodon embraces at least three species, the home of which 

 was central and southern India, though two of them ranged 

 east as far as Japan, then united to the Asiatic continent. 

 Stegodon insignis lived into Pliocene times. Of the tran- 

 sitional forms, the Yale Museum contains casts of the type 

 specimens of Mammut latidens and Stegodon clifti. True 

 elephants, derived from the Stegodonts, existed in India, their 

 remains being found in the Siwalik hills. 



Fig. 22. Stegodon tooth ( x %). 



During Pliocene times there existed in Europe two immense 

 elephants known as Elephas meridionalis and E. antiquus, 

 each of which lingered on into the cooling climate of the 

 Pleistocene. The former, while ranging as far north as Eng- 

 land, was more southerly in general distribution and of a size 

 which has probably never been exceeded except possibly by 

 Elephas imperator of North America. A mounted specimen 

 of Elephas meridionalis in the Natural History Museum of the 

 Jardin des Plantes at Paris, France, measures thirteen feet and 

 one inch at the shoulder and probably exceeded this in the flesh. 

 The tusks are massive but do not reach the extreme of develop- 

 ment of the later mammoths, while the teeth have rather coarse 

 lamellae. 



Elephas antiquus stands midway in character between the 

 African and Indian elephants of to-day. The tusks were nearly 

 straight and the creature was also of great size. It is first found 

 in the Lower Pleistocene (Forest Beds) of Norfolk, England. 

 In the Thames valley deposits it was contemporaneous with 

 early man and, for a while, with Elephas primigenius, the 

 hairy mammoth. E. antiquus was' essentially an animal of 

 warm climate, giving way to the mammoth when the arctic 

 conditions of the glacial period arose. 



Elephas antiquus is represented at Yale by a fine cast of 

 the skull, jaws, a tusk and other bones from the Belgium Royal 

 Museum, while of the early elephants of India there are three 

 casts of skulls recently presented by the British Museum of 

 Natural History. 



In North America, during the cooling to cold climatic condi- 



