It. S. Lull — Evolution of the Elephant. 199 



the genus Loxodonta have recently been divided into four 

 species. They are distinguished from their cousins of India 

 by the contour of the head, the greater size of the ears, greater 

 development of the tusks, and the presence of two figure-like 

 processes at the tip of the proboscis instead of but one. Afri- 

 can elephants reach a greater size than do those of India, 

 attaining a height of twelve to thirteen feet at the shoulders 

 and a weight of over seven tons. 



The Indian elephant includes but one species, E. indicus, 

 of which there are, however, several well-marked castes or 

 breeds, varying greatly in commercial value. In size the 

 Indian elephant rarely reaches eleven feet, averaging about 

 nine for the males. The high, convex forehead gives the 

 Indian elephant a somewhat nobler, more intellectual cast of 

 countenance than its African cousin, but this character is due 

 solely to the greater development of the air cells in the skull. 



Dinotherium. 



In the Miocene of Europe, though ranging up into the Plio- 

 cene of Asia, is a curious aberrant type, evidently a probosci- 



Fig. 27. Jaw of Dinotherium ; after Kaup. 



dian though formerly classed with the Sirenia. This form is 

 Dinotherium and must have been derived from some very 

 early genus, certainly not later than P alwomastodon. The 

 teeth differ from those of the elephants in their greater num- 

 ber and in their mode of succession, being more like those of 

 other mammals. The grinding teeth are extremely simple, the 

 premolars having three while the molars have but two cross 

 crests with open, uncemented valleys. Tusks are apparently 

 confined to the lower jaw, no trace of upper tusks having been 



