R. 8. Lull — Evolution of the Elephant. 211 



supposes that this tooth may have been carried thither with a 

 carcass or a portion of a carcass by the water or ice. This 

 may be true, but upon such slender evidence as this we have 

 sometimes based a route of migration which subsequent dis- 

 coveries have proven true. It may in this instance imply that 

 the migration was not wholly by way of the Behring route and 

 that the hairy mammoth was indeed a circumpolar form. 



Thus it will be seen that these majestic creatures were great 

 wanderers, ranging in the course of time over nearly the entire 

 world. Few mammals have been such world-wide travellers 

 as the elephants, as their record has been exceeded only by 

 mankind, the horses, dogs and cats, the rhinoceroses and camels 

 pressing close behind. It would seem that in each instance 

 the perfection of the race was in a large measure due to the 

 development of the migratory instinct. 



EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 



Fig. 1. The manatee, Manatus austra lis ; after Brehm. 

 Fig. 2. Conies, Hyrax abyssinicus ; after Brehm. 

 Fig. 3. Skeleton of the American mastodon ; after Owen. 

 Fig. 4. Skull of Indian elephant sectioned longitudinally, showing the 

 great development of air cells and the relatively small brain 

 cavity ; after Owen. 

 B, Cavity of brain ; i, incisor (tusk) ; m, 3, 4, 5, molars 3, 4 and 5. 

 Fig. 5. a, Crown view, and b, longitudinal section of the molar tooth of an 

 Indian elephant, schematic. Black, enamel ; dotted portion, 

 cement ; cross-lined, dentine or ivory. Original. 

 Fig. 6. Section of skull of a very young and of a full-grown African 

 elephant, showing the change of contour during growth due to 

 the development of air cells or diploe. From Flower's Osteology, 

 1/4 and 1/12 natural size, respectively. 

 Fig. 7. Evolution of the Proboscidia. Original. Based upon restorations 

 modeled by B. S. Lull. 

 a, Elephas columbi ; b, Mammut americanum; c, Tetrabelodon 

 angustidens ; d, Pakeornastodon ; e, Moeritherium. Figs, a, b 

 and c are 1/32, figs, d and e 1/16 natural size. 



Mammoth found frozen in the ice near Beresovka, Siberia, as it 

 lay in the cliff, after Herz. 



The mammoth of Beresovka mounted in the St. Petersburg Zoolo- 

 gical Musetim ; after Herz. 



Charging mammoth drawn on mammoth ivory by prehistoric 

 man, after Lubbock. 



Prehistoric engraving of a mammoth, Cavern of Les Combarelles, 

 Dordogne, France. 1/6, from MacCurdy ; after Capitan and 

 Breuil. 



Skull of Moeritherium ; after Andrews. About 1/7 natural size. 

 Last upper molar of Moeritherium. Drawn from a cast, No. 11663, 

 Yale Museum, 1/2 natural size. Original. 



Skull of Palaeomastodon ; after Andrews. About 1/12 natural 

 size. 



Last upper molar of Palasomastodon. Drawn from a cast, No. 

 11660, Yale Museum, 1/2 natural size. Original. 

 Skull of Tetrabelodon angustidens. Original. 



Fig. 



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