Geology and Mineralogy. 137 



the formation are frequent. The crystalline rocks near the bor- 

 der manifest the effects of shearing ; and this seems to be sub- 

 sequent to the formation of the marginal conglomerates, for they 

 do not contain fragments of the sheared crystallines. 



The eastern boundary follows an alternating north and north- 

 east course. Hence two systems of faults may be recognized ; 

 one having a northerly course, the other trending northeast. 

 Two members of the latter system have been traced for many 

 miles obliquely across the Triassic belt, as well as along the 

 oblique portions of the border. In consequence of the combined 

 movements of both systems of faults, the formation broadens 

 to the north ; and in the Manchester district, it is believed that 

 the under sandstones, ordinarily seen along the western border 

 of the monoclinal belt, are repeated along the eastei'n border. 

 (Author's abstract.) 



In his paper on The fossil flora of Alaska, F. H. Knowlton 

 reported the total number of species listed as 114, of which the 

 54 species more recent than Neocomian occur also outside of 

 Alaska. The author gave the following conclusions : 



"An examination of the table yields the following numerical 

 results : The Laramie has 3 species of which 1 is doubtful ; post- 

 Laramie beds of Colorado 10 species; the Livingston beds of 

 Montana 6 species; the Ft. Union beds 16 species of which 1 is 

 doubtful ; the Green River group 9 species of which 3 are in 

 doubt; the Mackenzie River 11 species; British Columbia has 6 

 species in the Miocene and 4 in the Laramie with 2 common to 

 both ; California, represented by the Auriferous gravels and allied 

 formation has 17 species of which 3 are in doubt; the Eocene 

 (Alum Bay, etc.) 6 species; the Greenland Miocene, as repre- 

 sented at Disco Island, Atane Rerdluk, etc., has 29 species; the 

 Miocene of Spitzbergen 20 species; the island of Sachalin (Siberia) 

 23 species; Senizalia (Italy) 12 species; the so-called Baltic Mio- 

 cene 13 species; Oeningen 20 species; Oligocene 4 species; Mio- 

 cene 33 species ; Pliocene 15 species. 



" By combining a number of the above localities which may be 

 legitimately taken together we have still more impressive results. 

 Thus by the combining of the post-Laramie beds of Colorado 

 with the Livingston beds of Montana we have 13 species com- 

 mon to Alaska. The union of the Mackenzie River and Ft. 

 Union deposits gives 21 species common to Alaska, while Green- 

 land, Spitzbergen and Sachalin have no less than 39 species out 

 of the 54 from Alaska. 



" This last result shows, if we are to place any dependence in 

 fossil plants, that the flora of Alaska, Greenland, Spitzbergen 

 and the island of Sachalin are so closely related as to lead to the 

 unavoidable conclusion that they grew under similar conditions 

 and were synchronously deposited. The localities enumerated 

 show that the circumpolar flora at that time was practically simi- 

 lar and continuous." 



