DARWINISM AND EVOLUTION. 37 



EMOTION. 



"VVTe have all seen, in the higher vertebrates, evidences of such 

 ' " emotions as fear, affection, passion, pugnacity, jealousy, 

 sympathy, pride, reverence, emulation, shame, hate, curiosity, 

 revenge, and cruelty. Some of us have seen proofs of the emotion 

 of the ludicrous, and even of the emotion of the beautiful. Indeed, 

 facts connected with the fertilisation of flowers by insects, and 

 with what Darwin called sexual selection, show us that a sense of the 

 beautiful is very widely diffused. Let us recollect, however, that 

 beauty is not an entity, or an external object ; it is a pleasurable 

 psychical or nerve state, following or accompanying a visual 

 impression. A face or an ornament that some races look upon 

 with delight others regard with abhorrence. 



ARTS AND ART. 



A nimals practise various " industrial arts." Witness the 

 -^- wonderful dam-building beaver ; the spider and his trap- 

 door ; ants who keep animals in captivity for the sake of their 

 secretions, as we keep cows, and who cultivate for food a kind of 

 fungus, as we grow mushrooms. As regards art, properly speaking, 

 we may remember the birds that build and decorate bowers of 

 public assembly, and that adorn plots of ground with shells, and 

 twigs of leaf. " Music," says Mr. Gurney, " is a primeval art 

 "which we share with the brutes. Sounds of a peculiar arresting 

 " quality, belonging to musical material, sounds coloured with a 

 " distinct musical timbre, as opposed to the uncertain neutral 

 " sounds of ordinary life, are often producible at the will of a 

 "creature, by a conscious and exciting effort. And in the 

 " deliberate exercise of this power, for the sake of pleasure to the 

 " possessor or to the members of his tribe, we see a veritable art 

 "germ. And not only so ; the germs of form are also found in 



