28 DARWINISM AND EVOLUTION. 



are sometimes wanting in the human subject. 



On the other hand, the apes possess four muscles (levator 

 claviculcr, dorso-epitrochlearis, scansorius, et abductor ossis metacarpi 

 quinti digiti) all used in climbing, which are not usually found in 

 man, though they all do occur as varieties. 



In addition it may be noticed that several muscles (as supple- 

 mentary muscular bundles in the biceps of negroes) frequently 

 wanting in white men are nearly always to be found in persons of 

 coloured races ; and that, whereas it is the rule in the Gorilla to 

 have thirteen pairs of ribs, in certain negroid tribes thirteen pairs 

 of ribs are sometimes present, and occasionally there is a sixth 

 lumbar vertebra. 



As regards the brain, all the convolutions found in man are 

 represented in the cerebral hemispheres of the Chimpanzee. A 

 child's brain is especially ape-like ; its furrows are shallow, 

 symmetrical, and few. With advancing years they increase in 

 number, depth, and complexity ; and this increase is most marked 

 in persons of the greatest mental activity. 



It should also be observed that, relatively to their dimensions, 

 fossil birds and mammals have smaller brain-cases than their 

 modern representatives ; a fact which suggests the inference that 

 intelligence has undergone a progressive evolution till it has 

 reached, in the massive cerebrum of a man, the faculty of speech, 

 and the power of transmitting accumulated knowledge by per- 

 manent symbols. 



Volume of Brain. 



Ourang and Chimpanzee 26 c.i. 



Gorilla 35 c.i. 



Papuan, smallest human 55 c.i. 



Negro 82 c.i. 



Average European 94 c.i. 



Largest European 115 c.i. 



In what relation do we stand to the apes ? 



We have seen that the human ear is a rudiment, and that the 

 hair of man and of the higher apes is directed towards the elbow 

 and from the knee. But in monkeys the ear is in a still more 

 shrivelled and rudimentary condition, and the hair of the limbs 

 is directed uniformly towards the digits. These are facts which 

 show, not that we have descended from them, but that they 

 branched off from our Parent stock at some very remote period. 

 Indeed, Prof. Huxley remarks that whatever part of the animal 

 fabric, bones, muscles, or viscera, be selected for comparison, 

 the lower apes and the Gorilla are found to differ more than the 

 Gorilla and the Man. 



What were our immediate prehuman ancestors ? 



