DARWINISM AND EVOLUTION. 27 



air-breather ; but before birth, three long, much branched, bright 

 red gills hang from each side of the head, and envelope the 

 whole body. They are of no possible use to the embryo, and 

 disappear at birth. A German lady, Fraulein von Chauvin, 

 removes a larva, in this stage of gill-possession, from the parent's 

 body, and places it in water. It swims about at once, and seizes 

 and devours earthworms. In a few days it sheds its gills and 

 acquires new ones, developes a stout fin, and is fully fitted for 

 aquatic life. For sixteen weeks it lives in the water as did its 

 remote ancestors, and only then undergoes those ancestral meta- 

 morphoses through which its immediate parents never passed, to 

 become like the latter a terrestrial animal. 



A reference has been made to some resemblances of the human 

 embryo to the adult ape. We may take this opportunity of 

 pointing out other relations. 



Among some savages (Kaffir, &c.) the canine teeth project 

 much beyond the others, and open spaces between the teeth in 

 the one jaw are left for the reception of the canines of the 

 opposite jaw. Both these peculiarities are found, though in a 

 much greater degree, in the higher apes. But in the very ancient 

 human jaw of La Naulette, the projection of the canines is 

 enormous. 



Adult man further resembles the higher apes in being without 

 a tail. 



The Chimpanzee and the Gorilla readily stand and run erect ; 

 but their favourite attitude is leaning forward and resting on the 

 knuckles of the hand. Now while the first joint of the human 

 fingers is hairy, the second is bare, answering precisely to the 

 condition in the hand of the apes just mentioned. 



Both in the higher apes and in man the hair of the arms has a 

 convergent direction towards the elbozv ; while the hair of the legs 

 inclines away from the knee. 



The negroid races have absolutely smooth and glistening skins. 

 Hairy Europeans show reversion to an older type. The tendency 

 to smooth skins would be strengthened in naked races by sexual 

 selection. Among clothed races, this factor is lost ; and hence, 

 smooth-bodied negroes, transported to America and subjected to 

 changed conditions of clothes and climate, redevelope hair upon 

 the chest. 



The only muscles which exist in man and have not yet been 

 found in the apes, are two (extensor primi internodii pollicis et 

 perinceus tertius). One of them is a muscle that assists in moving 

 the thumb, and would be developed when the hand began to 

 wield implements ; and the other assists in placing the foot flat 

 on the ground, and would be developed as erect walking came to 

 be the practice of the race. 



Both muscles are merely auxiliaries of other muscles, and both 



