ANCESTRAL MAN. 



The Gar-Danes were a warlike tribe. The gar is a fish, so 

 called from the resemblance of its head to a spear, as is the case 

 with the pike and the ged or goad ; while the hake is named from 

 the hooked appearance of its jaw. 



The Germans, too, may owe their designation to their having 

 used a particular kind of spear. It is certain that the Lombards, 

 a word contracted from Longo-bard, used a long barta or axe ; 

 and that the Franks and Franciscans carried a franca or lance, 

 the framea of Tacitus, which was a slender blade for throwing, or 

 for stabbing at close quarters, like the Zulu's assegai. 



But gar and ger also appear as gal and gel. 

 Goth. hallus, a rock. 

 O. N. hallr, a stone. 



Celt. j^^'} a flint. 



Fr. caillou, a flint. 



Eng. celt, a stone implement. 



Erse. call, a spear. 



Lat. •< ~ , . ■ ' } a knife. 

 ( teltis, j 



The word Celts, as a national name, is the Latin Celtae, and 



the Greek KeArai, which became respectively Galli and TdXarai. 



We find the same word, too, in Gaul, Galway, and Caledonia. It 



is not improbable that these ancient people were originally so 



designated from their use of some particular kind of weapon. 



Pliny (vii, 56) speaks of the myth that fire was first struck out 

 of flint by Pyrodes, son of Cilix. Here are two matters of interest. 

 The first is that Pyrodes is the same word as our iron pyrites, 

 the substance that was used with flint for this purpose by pre- 

 historic man. 



The second matter of interest is the proof, in the spelling of 

 Cilix, that the s in silica was originally hard. 



Thus from 



Lat. cilix, flint, we come at once to 



calculus, a pebble. 

 Gr. X^^j a small stone, and \ the rubble among 



which pebbles are found. 

 KrjXov, an arrow. 

 Latin, calx, a small stone, limestone. 

 A. S., cealc, ) the material from which flint is 

 English, chalk, J obtained. 



It is worth noticing that the Latin calculo means to count, our 

 calculate, because counting was originally done by pebbles ; and 

 that the Sanskrit kal also means to count, while kali is an arrow. 

 And all these words come from Mara, a rock or stone. 



