Xll CONTENTS. 



IV. Water — (continued). page 



2. The Ocean — including also Large Lakes 668 



1. Oceanic Forces — Currents 668 



2. Effects of Oceanic Forces . . 675 



1. Erosion 675 



2. Transportation and Deposition 677 



3. Structure of Deposits 684 



4. Action over a Submerged Continent ..... 686 



3. Freezing and Frozen Water 687 



1. Freezing Water 687 



2. Ice of Rivers and Lakes 688 



3. Glaciers 688 



4. Icebergs . 701 



4. Water as a Chemical Agent 702 



1. Destructive Work 702 



2. Formative Work 707 



V. Heat 712 



1. Sources of Heat . 714 



2. Dilatation and Contraction 720 



3. Igneous Action and Results 722 



1. Volcanoes 722 



2. Non-volcanic Igneous Eruptions 740 



3. Heat of Lavas and Conditions of Igneous Action . . . 743 



4. Thermal Waters — Geysers 749 



4. Metamorphism . 754 



5. Mineral Veins, Lodes, Local Ore-deposits 770 



VI. The Earth a Cooling Globe: its Consequences .... 782 



1. Actuality of Changes of Level 782 



2. Facts about Mountains 785 



3. Origin of Mountains and of the Attendant Phenomena . . . 798 



1. Explanations of the Subordinate Phenomena .... 798 



2. Fundamental Agency in Mountain Making .... 808 



3. Mode of Working and the Effects 816 



4. Evolution of the Earth's Fundamental Features .... 826 



VIII. Effects referred to their Causes. Recapitulation . . . 837 



COSMOGONY 845 



APPENDIX. 



A. New Paleozoic, Triassic, and Jurassic Vertebrates . . . . . . 851 



B. Catalogue of American Localities of Fossils 852 



C. Brief Synopsis of this Manual 855 



D. Authorities for the Figures of Fossils, Sections, and Views .... 863 



E. Suggestions to Working Geologists 868 



INDEX 871 



