332 



PALEOZOIC TIME. 



Fig. 646 B. 



Vertebrates, besides Fishes and Amphibians, a higher range of life, 

 in true Reptiles. No evidence has been obtained of the existence 

 then of Birds or Mammals. 



Among Protozoans, of the Rhizopod tribe, the little Fusulina, 

 related to the Nummulites of a later period, was a characteristic kind. 

 The shell, as shown in the annexed figure (Fig. 646), 

 had nearly the shape and size of a kernel of wheat. Fig. 

 646 a shows the form as seen in a transverse direction. 

 Internally, it contains a large number of minute cells, like 

 other foraminifers. In Europe, it is found both in the 

 Subcarboniferous and Carboniferous. 



The Radiates comprised Corals and Crinoids, but of 

 less numbers than in the Subcarboniferous. 

 Among Mollusks, Brachiopods still far outnumbered all other 

 kinds ; and with them there were some species of Orthoceras, Nautilus, 

 and Goniatites, and other kinds of Paleozoic type. But with these 

 there were land-snails, allied to the modern Pupa. Some of the Bra- 

 Figs. 647-650. 



Brachiopods. — Fig. 647, Productus Nebrascensis ; 648, Chonetes mesoloba; 649, Spirifer camera- 

 tus ; 650, Athyris subtilita. 



Figs. 651, 652. 



Lamellibranchs. —Fig. 651, Macrodon carbonarius; 652, Allorisma subcuneata. 



chiopods are represented in Figs. 647 to 650 ; among them, species of 

 the genera Productus (Fig. 647; and Spirifer (Fig. 649) were common. 



