TERTIARY AGE. 513 



Germ.) The Suessonian (from Soissons) of D'Orbigny includes part of the Lower Eo- 

 cene (the London Clay excluded); also a large part of the Nummulitie beds. 



3. Upper Eocene. — (1.) Barton Clay, of Great Britain; Lower Laeckenian, of 

 Belgium: Lower zone of Sables Moyens, of France. (2.) Upper Bagshot beds, of 

 Britain; Upper Laeckenian ( V) of Belgium; Upper zone of Sables Moyens, of France. 

 (3.) Osborn and Headon beds, of Great Britain; part of Upper Laeckenian (?); Cal- 

 caire Marin et Gres de Beauchamp. (4. ) Bembridge beds, of Great Britain; Calcaire 

 Siliceux, Calcaire Lacustre Moyen, Gypseous series of Montmartre, of France; Ton- 

 grian, of Belgium. The preceding 1 to 4 correspond to the Upper Nummulitie beds, 

 ind the upper part of the Flysch, of Switzerland. (5.) Hempstead beds, of Great Brit- 

 ain; Marnes Marines, Gres de Fontainebleau ; Rupelian of Dumont. 



The Lower Fahlunian of D'Orbigny included the Gres de Fontainebleau, and the 

 Upper, the Miocene. The Oligoctne of some geologists comprises the preceding sec- 

 tions, 3 to 5, of the Upper Eocene, with the following Lower Miocene. The Flysch, of 

 Switzerland, is a thick formation of dark-colored shale and sandstone, overlying Num- 

 mulitic beds, and abounding in Fucoids {Chondrites) ; it corresponds to the sections 1, 

 2, 3 of the Upper Eocene. 



4. Lower Miocene. — Britain. — Marine and fresh-water Lignites, and Clay of 

 Bovey Tracey; Isle of Mull Leaf -bed and Coal. Europe.. — Part of Terrain Tertiaire 

 Mo3 T en ; Lacustrine of Auvergne ; Mayence basin ; part of Tile clay near Berlin ; Cy- 

 rena shale of South Bavaria, characterized by Cyrena semistriata Desh. ; probably the 

 so-called Miocene of Mayence and Castel-Gomberto ; also the fresh-water Molasse of 

 the cantons of Vaud, Berne, and Argovie; Radaboj beds of Croatia; Miocene beds of 

 Greenland. 



5. Upper Miocene. — Britain. —No marine beds. Europe. — Upper Fahlun- 

 ian of D'Orbigny; Fahluns of Touraine; beds of Giroude and Laades; part of Vienna 

 basin; Superga Hill, near Turin; marine Molasse, and Upper fresh-water Molasse, in 

 Switzerland ; Siwalik Hills, India. 



6. Older Pliocene. — Britain. — Coralline Crag and Red Crag of Suffolk, about 

 100 feet in all. Europe. — Subapennine marls and sands; Upper massive beds of Mont- 

 pellier: Hills of Rome; Mount Mario, etc.; Antwerp and Normandy Crag; part of 

 Upper fresh-water Molasse; Aralo-Caspian deposits. 



7. Newer Pliocene. — Britain. —Norwich Crag, of fluvio-marine origin, con- 

 taining mostly shells of species now found in British seas, with some Mammalian re- 

 mains; Forest-bed of Norfolk cliffs, with Elephas meridionalis, etc. Europe. — Sicilian 

 Pleistocene formation, which covers nearly half the island of Sicily; near the centre of 

 the island, at Castrogiovanni, it has a height above the sea of 3,000 feet; the upper 

 two thirds of the whole are limestone, and the rest mainly sandstone and conglomerate, 

 underlaid by marl or cla}'. 



The diversity of the beds in the Tertiary period is well shown in the Paris basin for- 

 mation. There is, first, a bed of plastic clay with lignite, containing in some places 

 Oysters (0. bellovacina) and a few other marine species, and in other layers lacustrine 

 shells, along with bones of the earliest quadrupeds of the age; second, a series of beds 

 of coarse limestone (Calcaire Grossier), with green marls, abounding in some parts in 

 Xummnlites and other Rhizopods; containing marine shells (over 500 species in all) in 

 certain beds, a mingling of species of Cerithium with fresh-water shells in others, and 

 also bones of Mammals; third, over this limestone, a siliceous limestone, containing a 

 few fresh water shells; fourth, Gypseous marls, well displayed in the hill of Mont- 

 martre, the great repository of the bones of Eocene Mammals, explored by Cuvier, and 

 containing also remains of Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes, with a few fresh-water shells ; 

 fifth, sandstone, Gres de Fontainebleau, marine in origin, and regarded as of the same 

 age with the lower part of the Molasse of Switzerland; sixth, Upper Lacustrine, or 

 fresh-water beds. 



In the European Eocene, the fossils are all, or very nearly all, of 



