QUATERNARY AGE. — CHAMPLAIN PERIOD. 551 



same river, 350 to 400 feet. On the north side of Lake Superior, the maximum re- 

 ported, 331 feet above the lake; near Lake Huron, clayey deposits, at different level? 

 up to about 500 feet. On the Lower Ohio, 50 to 160 feet; near Louisville, 52 and 128 

 feet above low water, or 10 and 86 feet above high water: near Cincinnati, 100 to 120 

 feet above low water. On the Mississippi, in Tennessee, 50 to 180 feet; at Fort Adams, 

 Loftus Heights, 163 feet (made up of 90 feet of Orange Sand and 73 of loess); at New 

 Orleans, about 60 feet. On the Missouri, in Platte County (N. W. Missouri), 335 to 

 150 feet. Atchison County, 250 to 150 feet. On the Red River, in Texas, 50 to 100 feet. 



About Lake Winnipeg, one of 75 to 100 feet above the lake; a second of 300 to 350 

 feet (at Pembina mountain, west of Red River) (Hector). 



In the Rocky Mountains {where part of the terraces are true moraines) and to the west 

 of summit. — On the Athabasca and Saskatchewan, 300 to 370 feet; and on Bow River, 

 350 feet (Hector). At an elevation of about 6,000 feet above sea level, along the vallej 

 of the Madison River, Montana, 243 feet (Hayden). At nearly 7,000 feet, south of 

 Jackson Lake, head-waters of Snake River, about 400 feet (F. H. Bradley). About 

 Great Salt Lake, Utah, 900 feet; on Marsh Creek, Idaho (one of the old outlets of Great 

 Salt lake), 1,000 feet (F. H. Bradley); La Plata Creek, branch of Arkansas (moraine), 

 800 feet (Hayden); on Clear Creek, another branch (moraine), 600 to 800 feet (Hay- 

 den) ; Roche Moutonnee Creek, branch of Eagle River (Fig. 1106), on both sides of valley 

 (moraine), 937 feet (Hayden). 



In and west of the Sierra Nevada, and its continuation north. — Mono Lake (salt-water), 

 385 and 680 feet above the lake; King's River (moraine), 1,500 feet (Whitney); Bloody 

 Canon, near the Yosemite (moraine), 500 feet; Hope Valley, ibid., 600 feet; Lake Ta- 

 hoe (moraine), 1,600 (?) feet (Leconte); -Island of St. Nicholas, northeastern side, 30, 

 80, and 300 feet; Santa Monica Canon, where it reaches the coast, 15 miles from Los 

 Angeles, 148 and 175 feet; north side of Pajaro valley, on seashore, south of Monterey, 

 263 feet; on the Nascimiento River, 20, 80, and 187 feet; on the Salinas River, for 80 

 miles from its mouth, from 125 to 150 feet; on the Arroyo Joaquin Soto, a branch of 

 the San Benito, in the Mt. Diablo range, 225 feet; on the Sacramento River, near Red 

 Bluff, 80 to 100 feet (Whitney); on the Willamette, Oregon, 50 to 85 feet; on Frazer's 

 River, British Columbia, near Lillooett (122° W.), 500 or 600 feet (Begbie); on the Koo- 

 tanie and Upper Columbia, 600 feet (Hector); on Canoe River, a northern branch of the 

 Columbia, 400 feet (Selwyn). 



The moraines, in the Rocky Mountain region, are evidence of the level of the end of 

 the glacier, and not of that of a river terrace. A moraine on Texas Creek, Colorado, 

 600 feet high, fades out in eight miles. Those on Clear Creek, Colorado, 600 to 800 

 feet above the present stream, fall to 100 feet in six miles. (Hayden and Gardner.) 



About New Haven, Connecticut, there is a good exhibition of the deposits that were 

 made by the flood in an estuary or bay. The beds are, for the most part, obliquely 

 laminated; and the laminae rise to the north, that is, pitch in the direction of the flow. 

 Further, the effect of plunges in the waters is apparent in the flow-and-plunge structure 

 of the obliquely-laminated beds. (Fig. 945.) Such beds are usually as much as six 

 inches thick, but occasionally six to eight feet. A thickness even of six inches is proof 

 that vast amounts of sand and gravel were at the disposal of the currents and waves, 

 and that the deposition went forward with great rapidity. 



6. Tcelation to the Level of the Ocean. — In the position of the up- 

 per limit of the river-border formations, there is no direct relation to 

 the level of the ocean. They were made by flooded rivers or lakes ; 

 and the height of the flood-waters determined their level. The streams 

 over plateaus or slopes, 2,000 feet above the ocean, would have made 

 deposits at that height, plus the height of the flood above it. 



3. Sea-border Formations. — On sea-borders, the formations are, in 

 general, similar to those of lake-basins and valleys, except that they 



