562 



CENOZOIC TIME. 



it, which has been adduced, is found in the Glacial deposits of the Alps 

 and of the river valleys leading from these mountains ; in similar phe- 

 nomena, though as yet less well understood, in Great Britain ; in the 

 occurrence in southern France of remains of Arctic and Subarctic 

 quadrupeds, among which the Reindeer was prominent ; in the occur- 

 rence, as explained beyond, of skeletons and tusks of the Elephant of 

 the Champlain era in Siberia, on the borders of the Arctic Sea, and of 

 whole carcasses, the meat untainted, encased in Arctic ice, proving 

 that death invaded the region in consequence of a sudden refrigeration 

 of climate. It is also attested by facts connected with early human 

 history. 



According to Von Morlot, the Alps, after the Glacial period, that 

 is, at the opening of the Champlain, subsided one thousand feet ; and 

 the glacier retreated from lower Switzerland to the Alpine valleys. 

 But afterward a second extension of the ice took place, covering again 

 all lower Switzerland, but not the Juras, and making new deposits of 

 loess along the valley of the Rhine. 



Lyell remarks on a parallel succession of events in Britain, and on 

 the second epoch of cold having been coincident with a reelevation of 

 the land. This reelevation probably went forward slowly, through the 

 closing part of the Champlain period ; and it may have ended in carry- 

 ing the surface above the present level. 



The reelevation, before it was fully completed, cut off the Baltic 

 again from the ocean on the north and west ; for, as Erdmann shows, 

 while on the upper terraces the shells of the Baltic coasts include the 

 outside kind, YoldiaArctica, there are lower terraces from which the 

 open sea species are all excluded, excepting a few Baltic kinds, of 

 which the Mytilus is the most common. The cutting off of the Cas- 

 pian and Aral seas from the northern ocean has been referred to this 

 epoch of elevation. 



The deposits of the Recent period, after the second Glacial epoch, 



were made, observes Lyell, when the land stood for the most part 



near its present level, with the great features of the surface as they 



are now. The shell heaps {Kjokken-mbdding or Kitchen-middens) 



then made, on the coasts of Danish Islands in the Baltic, and at other 



localities, contain no remains of the Reindeer, showing that the Arctic 



cold had receded toward its present northern limits, while those of 



the Urus, modern Stag, Roedeer, Wild Boar, Dog, Wolf, and other ex~ 



isting species are common. 



On the southern side of Sardinia, at Cngliari, beds of recent shells, with bits of 

 antique pottery, are found at heights of two hundred and thirty to three hundred and 

 twenty-four feet above the sea, as described by Count Albert de la Marmora. There is 

 evidence in the remains of Mammals, that Europe was connected with both Africa and 

 Britain in some part of the Quaternary. 



