CLIMATE OF THE CHAMPLAIN PERIOD. 571 



of different species ; and, as on the other continents, the moderns are 

 dwarfs by the side of the ancient tribes. The Quaternary Diprotodon 

 was as large as a Hippopotamus, and somewhat similar in habits, the 

 skull alone being a yard long ; and the Nototherium Mitchelli Ow., 

 an herbivorous species, was as large as a bullock. 



The oldest Quaternary remains, referred to the early part of the Glacial Period by 

 Dawk ins, are those of the Cromer Forest-bed (p. 559). They include, besides the Cave 

 Bear, Elephas primigenius, the Irish Deer, Trogontherium Cv. vieri Fischer; and several 

 modern species, as the Beaver, Wolf, Fox, Stag, Aurochs, Mole, Wild Boar, Horse; also 

 the European Pliocene speoies, Ursus Arvernensis, Cervus Polignacus Robert, Hippopota- 

 mus major Cuv., Rhinoceros Etruscus, R. megarhinus, Elephas meridionalis, with E. 

 antiquus, and without any remains of Man. The Machcerodus latidens, found in Kent's 

 Hole, is a representative of an eminently Miocene and Pliocene genus. 



The characteristic species of the Champlain period, are Man, the Cave Hyena, Cave 

 Bear, Cave Lion, Brown and Grizzly Bears, Fox, Wolf, Cat, Elephas primigenius and 

 E. antiquus, Rhinoceros tichorhinus Cuv., R. hemitmchus Falc, R. megarhinus Christol, 

 Hippopotamus major Cuvier, Wild Boar, Aurochs, Urus, Stag, Goat, Cervus Browni, 

 Musk-ox, Beaver, Horse, etc., with few remains of the Reindeer. Those of the Rein- 

 deer era are the same species nearly, with very abundant remains of the Reindeer, 

 Aurochs, and Urus, and fewer of the extinct cave Carnivores, with also the Lemming, 

 and some other northern species. (See further, pages 576, 577-) 



6. Conclusions (1.) General features of the Life of the Early and 



Middle Quaternary. — Viewing the globe as a whole, in this Quater- 

 nary era, we observe,. — 



1. The gigantic size as well as large numbers of the species, — the 

 Elephants, Lions, Bears, and Hyenas of the Orient far larger than 

 the modern kinds ; so also the Horse, Elephant, Mastodon, Beavers, 

 and Lion of North America ; the Megatheria and other Edentates of 

 South America ; the Diprotodon and other Marsupials of Australia. 



2. The characteristic species of each continent were mainly of the 

 same type that now characterizes it. Both in the Quaternary and at 

 the present time, the Orient is strikingly the continent of Carnivores ; 

 North America, of Herbivores ; South America, of Edentates ; Aus- 

 tralia, of Marsupials. 



7. Evidence, from the Life, with regard to the Climate and the 

 Migrations of the Champlain Period. — The Quaternary species 

 which have been mentioned, with a very few exceptions noted below, 

 must have required a climate ranging between warm -temperate on 

 one side, and extreme cold -temperate on the other ; and this range 

 belonged to the wide region from middle Europe and Britain to 

 northern Siberia, where herds of Elephants, hairy Rhinoceroses, and 

 other Mammals found abundant vegetation for food, and a good living- 

 place. If northern Siberia had then the mean temperature now 

 found in southern Scandinavia, or 40° F., instead of its present 5° F. 

 to 10° F., central Europe would necessarily have been within the 

 warm- temperate zone. The cause of such a climate is found in the 



