572 CENOZOIC TIME. 



extensive submergence of northern lands, giving an unusual sweep 

 northward to the Gulf Stream and the corresponding warm current 

 of the Pacific. Perhaps in the earlier part of the period, before the 

 glacier had disappeared from northern Europe and America, Arctic 

 Asia was still very cold ; but, long before its close, the Elephants had 

 taken full possession, as the vast abundance of their remains attests. 



But, while these and other Champlain species evidently culminated 

 during that period, it is probable that they were in existence south 

 of Glacial latitudes before the Glacial period closed. For, if the 

 migrations of the species from Europe to southern England had not 

 taken place in the Glacial era, that is, during the era of continental 

 elevation for the higher latitudes, the animals would not have been 

 there in Champlain time, since, in this period, — an era of continental 

 depression, — Britain was for the most part 200 to 1,500 feet below 

 its present level; and Europe also was at less elevation than now, 

 and hence the British Channel had much greater width. 



The rarity of remains of Quaternary Mammals in Scotland and 

 Ireland, in contrast with England and Wales, where they have been 

 found in over one hundred and fifty localities, has been attributed by 

 Dawkins to the lingering of the ice longer about the Scotch and Irish 

 mountains. 



8. Evidence, from the Life, with regard to the Conditions of the 

 Reindeer Era, or opening part of the Recent Period. — The cold of 

 the second Glacial epoch, — the Reindeer era of Lartet, — appears to 

 have brought destruction among the northern tribes of Europe and 

 Asia, and, at the same time, to have driven southward the more active 

 of survivors, or those which had the best chance for escape. The en- 

 casing in ice of huge Elephants, and the perfect preservation of the 

 flesh, shows that the cold finally became suddenly extreme, as of a 

 single winter's night, and knew no relenting afterward. The existence 

 of remains of the Reindeer in southern France, in vast quantities, of 

 the Marmot, also a northern species, and of the Ibex and Chamois, 

 now Alpine species, is attributed by Lartet to the forced migration 

 thus occasioned. In the caves of Perigord (Dordogne, etc.), the bones 

 of the Reindeer, far the most abundant kind, lie along with those of 

 the Cave Hyena, Cave Bear, Cave Lion, Elephant, Rhinoceros, as well 

 as Horse and Aurochs. 



Lartet says that, in the Drift or valley -gravels, the Elephant, 

 Rhinoceros, Horse, and Ox are the predominant species, and the 

 Reindeer appears sparingly; while, in the Dordogne Caves, the Rein- 

 deer predominates, being associated in large numbers with the Horse 

 and Aurochs, and exceptionally with remains of the Elephant, Hyen$ 

 etc. With the Mammals of the Reindeer era, in southern France, 



