724 



DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY. 



2. Over the Pacific. — At the Hawaian Islands, there are remains of ten or more 

 volcanic mountains; and two on Hawaii are now active, — Mount Loa, 13,760 feet 

 high, and Mount Hualalai, about 10,000 feet; while Mount Kea, on the same island, 

 13,950 feet high, has not been very long extinct. 



There are other volcanic mountains at the Society group, Marquesas, Navigator, 

 Friendly Islands, Feejees, Santa Cruz group, New Hebrides, Ladrones; among which, 

 Tauna and Ambrym in the New Hebrides, Tafoa and Amargura in the Friendly group, 

 Tinakoro in the Santa Cruz group, and two or three in the Ladrones, are in action. 



3. Over the seas that divide the northern and southern continents from one another, 

 and the regions in their vicinity. — (a.) The West Indies, where ten islands are 

 eminently volcanic, (b.) The Mediterranean and its borders, as in Sicily and the 

 islands north; Vesuvius, and other parts of Italy; Spain, Central France, Germany 

 etc., in Europe; the Grecian Archipelago, which contains five volcanic islands, — San' 

 torin, Milo, Cimolos, Polenos, and Minyros ; in Asia Minor, where are the Catacecau- 

 mene and other volcanic regions; and, more to the eastward, toward the Caspian, 

 Mount Ararat, 16,950 feet high; Little Ararat, 12,800 feet; Demavend, on the south 

 shore of the Caspian, 20,000 feet, (c.) The Red Sea, along its southern borders, where 

 there are a number of lofty volcanic summits, (d.) The East Indies, where there are 

 two hundred or more volcanoes, of which there are nearly fifty in Ja> a done, according 

 to Dr. Junghuhn, and twenty-eight out of the fifty now active; nearly as many in 

 Sumatra; one hundred and nine in the small islands near Borneo; a number in the 

 Philippines, etc. 



4. In the Indian Ocean. — A few in Madagascar; also the Isle of Bourbon, Mauritius, 

 and the Comoro Islands, and, to the south, Kerguelen Land, etc. 



5. On the Atlantic Borders. — Only in the Bight of Benin, on the African coast, where 

 one in the Cameroons Mountains is said to be 14,000 feet high; and the neighboring 

 islands, from Fernando Po to Annabon. 



6. In the Atlantic Ocean. — St. Helena, the Cape Verdes, Canaries, Madeira, Azores, 

 and Iceland. All the islands of the deep part of the ocean (that is, not on the European 

 or American borders) are volcanic. 



7. Over the Interior of the Continents. — In America, North and South, there are none 

 east of the Rocky Mountains and Andes; in North America, there are extinct cones at 

 the summit of the Rocky Mountain chain, about the head-waters of the Yellowstone, 

 but none east of its crest range. In Africa, none are known. In Asia, there is a small 

 volcanic region in the Thian-Shan Mountains, at Pe-schan and Turfan, besides hot 

 springs near Alak-tu-kul, and some other spots in that vicinity. In Australia, none 

 are known over the interior, the few observed being situated near its southern border. 



2. Kinds of Volcanic Cones. 



As the volcanic mountain is made from its own ejections, it may 

 consist either (1) of lava alone; (2) of tufa alone; (3) of cinders 



Fig. 1110. 



A, B, B, C, profile of Hawaii, as seen from the eastward ; L, Mount Loa ; K, Mount Kea. 



alone; (4) of combinations of lavas with either cinders or tufas, or- 

 with both. The last is the more common kind. 



