730 



DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY. 



from fissures, and continued till it reached the sea at Nanawale, where 

 three tufa-cones (Fig. 1116) were thrown up over points in these fis- 

 sures, made from cinders or volcanic sand, produced by the chilling ac- 

 tion of the waters on the escaping lavas. 



Fig. 1116. 



Tufa-hills, Nanawale. 



The facts then are these : The bottom of the emptied pit, after the 

 eruption of 1832, was about 3,000 feet above the sea-level. Gradual 

 overflows filled it to 3,400 feet. Then, 2,150 feet below this level, 

 and 1,250 above the sea, the mountain was tapped, and the lavas ran 

 out. 



Of similar character has been the action of the summit crater of 

 Mount Loa. The courses of some of its recent lava-flows are given 

 on the following map. 



Fig. 1117. 



Island of Hawaii. — L, Mount Loa ; K, Mount Kea ; H, Mount Hualalai ; P, Kilauea or Lua-P616 ; 

 1, Eruption of 1843 ; 2, of 1852 ; 3, of 1855 ; 4, of 1859 : a, Waimea ; b, Kawaihae ; c, Wainanalii ; 

 d, Kailua; e, Kealakekua ; f, Kaulanamauna ; g, Kailiki ; h, Waiohinu ; i, Honuapo ; /, Kapoho; 

 k, Nanawale ; /, Waipio ; m, first appearance of eruption of 1868 ; n, Kahuku. The courses of 

 the currents,!, 2, 3, and 5, are from a map by T. Coan, and 4, from one by A. F. Judd. 



